Deck 10: Deformation, Mountain Building, and Earthapos;s Crust

Question 1

Dip-slip faults include ____.

A)normal faults only
B)reverse faults only
C)thrust faults only
D)normal and reverse faults
E)thrust and reverse faults

Answer 1

normal and reverse faults

Question 2

Only igneous and sedimentary rocks can be deformed.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

On a geologic map, the number adjacent to the strike and dip symbol is the ____.

A)strike angle from the horizontal plane
B)dip angle from the horizontal plane
C)strike direction in degrees from north
D)dip direction in degrees from north
E)strike\dip angle

Answer 3

dip angle from the horizontal plane

Question 4

Rocks are much stronger in compression than they are in tension.

Question 5

Strike is a measure of an inclined plane's deviation from horizontal.

Question 6

Most plastic deformation of rocks occurs deep within the crust.

Question 7

In a reverse fault, the ____.

A)hanging wall goes up relative to the footwall
B)hanging wall goes down relative to the footwall
C)hanging wall and footwall remain in the same position vertically
D)two sides of the fault slide past each other horizontally
E)two sides of the fault move away from each other

Question 8

Continents grow by a process called ____.

A)continental addition
B)continental accretion
C)continental concretion
D)orogenic concretion
E)orogenic conformation

Question 9

Deformation ____.

A)will not occur during stress
B)will not occur during strain
C)can not be caused by shear stress
D)is any change in the volume or shape of rocks
E)rarely occurs during mountain building

Question 10

The Andes of South America are the best example of continuing orogeny at an oceanic-continental plate boundary.

Question 11

Dip refers to measures at a forty-five degree angle to strike direction.

Question 12

Strain is ____.

A)a type of fault
B)deformation caused by stress
C)always compressional
D)never compressional
E)also called bendability

Question 13

Both deformation and strain refer to changes in the shape or volume of rocks.

Question 14

The special symbol to indicate a strike on a geologic map is a ____.

A)short line oriented at 90 degrees from the strike direction
B)short line oriented at 45 degrees from the strike direction
C)short line parallel to the strike direction
D)long line oriented in the appropriate compass direction
E)long line oriented toward north

Question 15

A solid is any rigid substance that resists changes in shape and volume.

Question 16

A monocline is one-half of an anticline or syncline.

Question 17

The three varieties of stress ____.

A)depend on the direction of the applied forces
B)are named according to how strong the forces are
C)are named according to how the rocks are deformed
D)will cause the same responses in all rock types
E)differ only in the types of rocks they affect

Question 18

Continental crust is not always thicker than oceanic crust.

Question 19

In folding or fracturing, ____.

A)the stress is never tensional
B)the strain is called elastic strain
C)the strain will only affect layered rocks
D)the rocks will recover their original shape and volume when the stress is removed
E)the rocks do not recover their original shape or volume

Question 20

The San Andreas Fault is a ____ fault.

A)normal
B)reverse
C)thrust
D)strike slip
E)recumbent

Question 21

When an isolated mountain range occurs in the interior of a continent, one may infer that the range formed by ____

A)the collision of two continental plates
B)compressive forces acting on the opposing margins of a single plate
C)the rifting of the continent
D)the growth of a volcanic arc
E)the emplacement of a large pluton

Question 22

A compass is used to measure the angle of ____.

A)intersection of a strike line and a dip
B)dip from horizontal of a geologic structure
C)90 degrees from horizontal of a strike line
D)a strike slip zone with respect to the sun
E)a strike line's orientation with respect to north

Question 23

The thicker crust of mountains ____.

A)sinks into thinner crust at depth
B)floats on denser rock at depth
C)is more dense than oceanic crust
D)reduces faulting during orogeny
E)is more dense than other continental crust

Question 24

____ occurs when Earth's crust rises back up to its equilibrium level after the unloading of glaciers or sediments.

A)Isostatic rebound
B)Isographic rebound
C)Isometric rebound
D)Isostatic bounding
E)Isometric bounding

Question 25

The largest mountains on continents are formed by ____ deformation.

A)tensional
B)shear stress
C)strike-dip
D)compression-induced
E)extension-induced

Question 26

In a ____ fault the hanging wall block moves up relative to the footwall block.

A)normal
B)strike-slip
C)reverse
D)thrust
E)dip-slip

Question 27

The thickest crust found is ____.

A)beneath mountains
B)at the oldest regions of the continents
C)at the continental margins
D)at the oldest regions of the ocean basins
E)at mid-oceanic ridge spreading centers

Question 28

At an oceanic - oceanic plate boundary, a subduction complex, also called a(n)____, is formed.

A)zone of accretion
B)zone of concretion
C)subduction wedge
D)accretionary wedge
E)concretionary wedge

Question 29

Domes and basins resulting from deformation ____.

A)do not necessarily correspond with mountains or valleys
B)always correspond with mountains or valleys
C)both have strata dipping toward a central point
D)both have strata dipping away from a central point
E)both have oldest strata in the center

Question 30

____ are mountains that form with little or no deformation involved.

A)Mesas
B)Block-faulted mountains
C)Reverse faulted mountains
D)Continental-oceanic plate mountains
E)Oceanic-oceanic plate mountains

Question 31

A fault surface is also called a ____.

A)dip
B)strike
C)fault plane
D)fault fracture
E)fracture plane

Question 32

Differential movement on faults has produced uplifted blocks called ____ and down-dropped blocks called ____.

A)domes; basins
B)strike faults; dip faults
C)dip faults; strike faults
D)grabens; horsts
E)horsts; grabens

Question 33

Faults that penetrate the surface may show a ____.

A)fault scarp
B)graben
C)horst
D)fault block
E)fault breccia

Question 34

If plastic strain has taken place and created a fold, the ____.

A)rock layers will bounce back if the strain is removed
B)rock layers will remain folded even if the strain is removed
C)fold will eventually overturn
D)fold will never fracture
E)fold will always eventually fracture

Question 35

An anticline ____.

A)has the youngest rocks at its core
B)has the oldest rocks at its core
C)is a fracture along which no movement has taken place
D)has all of its folded strata dipping outward from a central point
E)has all of its folded strata dipping inward from a central point

Question 36

Fault breccia is a ____.

A)type of slip-strike fault
B)type of reverse fault
C)zone of landslides near a coastline
D)zone of uplift near a mountain
E)zone of rubble along a fault

Question 37

A thrust fault ____.

A)is the opposite of a dip-slip fault
B)is a special case of a reverse fault where the dip is greater than 45^o
C)is a special case of a reverse fault where the dip is less than 45^o
D)is caused by shear stress
E)can be right-lateral or left-lateral

Question 38

Normal faults are caused by ____ stress.

A)tensional
B)compressional
C)elastic
D)shear
E)rebound

Question 39

In an overturned fold, ____.

A)both limbs dip in opposite directions
B)both limbs dip in the same direction
C)a dome is formed
D)a basin is formed
E)fractures are always present

Question 40

Rocks that are tilted were deposited ____.

A)on a slope in their present orientation
B)in an unknown orientation and then were tilted into their current position
C)horizontally and then were tilted into their current orientation
D)vertically and then were tilted into their current orientation
E)on the continental shelf and then uplifted

Question 41

The principle that Earth's crust is in floating equilibrium with the denser mantle below is known as ____________________.

Question 42

Rocks will respond differently in respond to strain and location. Explain. Use the terms ductile and brittle in your explanation.

Question 43

A fault with both dip-slip and strike-slip movement is classified as a(n)____________________ fault.

Question 44

What factors will determine which type strain a particular rock undergoes?

Question 45

What are anticlines and synclines and how are they identified?

Question 46

The term geologic structure is a general term. List and define three (3)major categories of geological structures and briefly explain how each might have been formed.

Question 47

Describe the plate tectonics processes and associated stresses that have led to the formation of the Himalayas, the world's largest mountain range.

Question 48

What are some ways in which mountains form?

Question 49

Rocks that lie beneath the fault plane make up the ____________________ block.

Question 50

Rocks overlying a fault plane is the ____________________ block.

Question 51

The vast mountain ranges on the continents form mostly at ____________________ plate boundaries.

Question 52

A circular or oval fold in which the strata are up-arched and the marginal strata are ____________________ than those of the interior is known as a dome.

Question 53

Stress is measured as ____________________ per unit area.

Question 54

Explain how Earth's crust is similar to an iceberg and how this helps explain the principle of isostacy.

Question 55

Strike-slip faults are caused by ____________________ forces.

Question 56

Parts of many mountain systems are made up of small, accreted lithospheric blocks that clearly originated elsewhere. What are these accretions called and what are they made of?

Question 57

The idea that sediments accumulate in horizontal or nearly horizontal layers is known as the ____________________.

Question 58

An episode of mountain building during which intense deformation takes place is known as a(n)____________________.