Deck 2: Elicited Behavior Habituation and Sensitization

Question 1

Which of the following is true regarding any given modal action pattern?

A)usually found in many species
B)involves species-specific responses
C)cannot be elicited by a stimulus found in the organism's usual environment
D)involves movement towards or away from a stimulus

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Of the following, which is not a reflexive behavior?

A)a baby pulling away when its nose and mouth are covered
B)maintaining attention when driving
C)turning to the location of a loud noise
D)sneezing in response to dust

Answer 2

B

Question 3

If all the members of a species perform the same behavior, this is an indication

A)that an instinct is mediating behavior.
B)that a fixed action pattern is mediating behavior.
C)that the behavior is inherited.
D)of none of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following describes the difference between a general search and a focal search?

A)General searches are localized, while focal searches focus on a larger area.
B)General searches occur when an animal does not yet know specifically where to look for food, while focal searches are spatially localized.
C)General searches are appetitive while focal searches are consummatory.
D)There are no differences; both terms are alternative ways of describing appetitive behavior.

Question 5

Which of the following is most likely to be characterized as an appetitive behavior?

A)a sparrow manipulating a seed in its beak
B)a woman drinking a glass of milk
C)a woodchuck chewing on a blade of grass
D)a chef preparing a cream pie

Question 6

Which of the following is likely to be the most stereotyped response?

A)a squirrel eating a walnut
B)a robin searching for a worm
C)a grandmother preparing a pie
D)a young man issuing a threatening gesture

Question 7

Which of the following is the incorrect statement about reflexive behaviors?

A)Most reflexes promote the well-being of the organism.
B)Simple reflexes are not influenced by higher nervous system functions.
C)Reflexes are the simplest form of elicited behavior.
D)The organization of the nervous system determines the specificity of the stimulus\response relationship.

Question 8

Appetitive behaviors are most correctly described by which of the following?

A)activities that because of their vigor increase hunger
B)early components of a behavior sequence
C)activities that satisfy an appetite or drive
D)end components of an organized sequence of behaviors

Question 9

Which of the following is true regarding the respiratory occlusion reflex?

A)It causes humans to hold their breath underwater.
B)It is a multistage response to a reduction of airflow.
C)It allows nursing to proceed when the nose is covered.
D)It causes an infant to orient towards the nipple.

Question 10

Which of the following is one of the characteristics of a modal action pattern?

A)The eliciting stimulus is usually easy to identify.
B)They are species-specific response patterns.
C)The threshold for eliciting the behavior is relatively invariant.
D)The eliciting stimulus will have similar effects over different situations.

Question 11

Of the following, which is true of sign stimuli?

A)Sign stimuli release behaviors that are performed in the same way every time.
B)Sign stimuli characteristically release the same behavior across several species.
C)Researchers are unable to determine which sign stimuli release behaviors.
D)The optimal sign stimulus may not occur naturally.

Question 12

What is the correct pathway of the neural signal in a reflex arc?

A)afferent neuron, efferent neuron, interneuron
B)efferent neuron, afferent neuron, interneuron
C)afferent neuron, sensory neuron, efferent neuron
D)afferent neuron, interneuron, efferent neuron

Question 13

Which of the following is the simplest form of elicited behavior?

A)the habitation response
B)feedback stimuli
C)reflexive behavior
D)the sensitization process

Question 14

Which of the following most correctly describes a sign stimulus?

A)first causes sensitization, then habituation
B)first causes habituation, then sensitization
C)sufficient for eliciting a modal action pattern
D)similar to an instinct

Question 15

The respiratory occlusion response in babies begins with which of the following?

A)a swiping motion across the face; then the infant pulls away, then cries
B)crying; then the infant pulls away, then swipes the face
C)pulling the head back; then the infant swipes the face, then cries
D)pulling the head back; then the infant cries, then swipes the face

Question 16

Behaviors such as foraging for food in animals and cooking food in humans are classified as

A)consummatory behaviors.
B)releasing behaviors.
C)appetitive behaviors.
D)supranormal behaviors.

Question 17

Which of the following is not a modal action pattern?

A)the startle response of rats
B)the beak-pecking behavior of herring gull chicks
C)the nest building behaviors of male sticklebacks
D)the courtship interactions of ring doves.

Question 18

Which two closely related events constitute a reflex?

A)eliciting outcome; corresponding reward
B)eliciting stimulus; corresponding response
C)eliciting response; corresponding outcome
D)eliciting response; corresponding reward

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct order in a foraging behavior sequence?

A)general search, food handling, focal search
B)focal search, general search, food handling
C)general search, focal search, food handling
D)food handling, focal search, general search

Question 20

Elicited behaviors are interesting to researchers studying learning because of which following result?

A)They are invariant and make good controls.
B)They are present in most animals except humans and provide clues to the evolution of behavior.
C)They do not occur the same way each time the eliciting stimulus is presented.
D)They allow for voluntary behavior in non-human animals.

Question 21

Sensory adaptation refers to changes in responses that occur due to which of the following?

A)changes in the nervous system that hinder transmission from sensory to motor neurons
B)changes in the nervous system that facilitate transmission from sensory to motor neurons
C)changes in the sensory receptors
D)changes in the muscles

Question 22

According to one study using lemon and lime juice to investigate the role of familiarity of food and its rated pleasantness, which of the following is correct?

A)As we encounter a food over and over, we become familiar with it, and it increases in pleasantness.
B)As we repeatedly encounter a taste, it initially increases then decreases in pleasantness.
C)As we repeatedly encounter a taste, it initially decreases then increases in pleasantness.
D)Overeating may be discouraged by varying the foods that are available.

Question 23

Which of the following is a true statement about habituation?

A)increases responsiveness to a stimulus with repeated presentations
B)decreases responsiveness to a stimulus with repeated presentations
C)either increases or decreases responsiveness to a stimulus with repeated presentations, depending on the background cues
D)both increases and decreases responsiveness to a stimulus with repeated presentations

Question 24

Habituation and sensitization effects perform which of the following functions?

A)Focus attention on all stimuli present.
B)Direct responses to all stimuli present.
C)Focus attention on background stimuli.
D)Focus attention on relevant stimuli.

Question 25

Sensory adaptation occurs in which of the following physiological areas?

A)the nervous system
B)the sense organ
C)the muscle tissue
D)the interneuron

Question 26

A bright light causes a startle response. The second presentation of the light elicits less of a response because the subject was temporarily blinded by the first light flash. This is an example of

A)habituation.
B)sensitization.
C)sensory adaptation.
D)habituation.

Question 27

Which of the following is true of visual attention in human infants?

A)All stimuli elicit similar responses across repeated presentations.
B)Infants initially increase responding to repeated presentations of complex stimuli and decrease responding to repeated presentations of simple stimuli.
C)Infants initially increase responding to repeated presentations of simple stimuli and decrease responding to repeated presentations of complex stimuli.
D)Infants increase responding to all stimuli as they become familiar with repeated presentations.

Question 28

Your professor is conducting an investigation of visual attention in infants. A relatively complex pattern will be presented to the infants, hopefully eliciting visual attention. What do you predict will happen with repeated presentations of the complex visual stimulus?

A)The infants will show uniformly high levels of responding across all trials.
B)The infants will increase, then decrease, responding.
C)The infants will decrease, then increase, responding.
D)The infants will show a high level of responding on the first trial, then decreasing responding on subsequent trials.

Question 29

Fatigue occurs in which of the following physiological areas?

A)the nervous system
B)the sense organ
C)the muscle tissue
D)the interneuron

Question 30

Your roommate no longer drinks his orange juice every morning like the doctor ordered. He says he does not care for it any more. Based on learning principles, to increase his juice consumption, and benefit his health you suggest

A)switching to drinking mild vinegar.
B)switching to drinking tangerine juice.
C)eating peanuts before breakfast.
D)requiring foraging in the refrigerator for the orange juice.

Question 31

Response fatigue occurs during which of the following conditions?

A)Repeated actions cause muscles to temporarily weaken.
B)Changes in the nervous system hinder transmission of neural impulses.
C)Neurophysiological changes alter sense organs.
D)All of the above

Question 32

Repeated presentations of a tactile stimulus make the skin receptors less sensitive, and responding decreases across trials. This is an example of

A)response fatigue.
B)sensory adaptation.
C)habituation.
D)sensitization.

Question 33

Repeated presentation of a stimulus will cause which of the following?

A)both habituation and sensitization effects
B)either habituation or sensitization effects, depending on the subject's level of arousal
C)only habituation effects or only sensitization effects, regardless of background conditions
D)invariant behavior changes if it is a true eliciting stimulus

Question 34

To rule out response fatigue as the cause for the decreased responding that occurs over repeated presentations of a stimulus, the researcher should

A)determine if the subject can still sense the stimulus.
B)determine if the subject is responding to the stimulus in other ways.
C)present a new stimulus that elicits a similar response.
D)present a new stimulus that elicits an unrelated response.

Question 35

A loud tone is repeatedly presented to a group of rats. Initially, there is a large startle response that decreases across trials. The response decrease across trials may be due to

A)habituation.
B)fatigue.
C)sensory adaptation.
D)All of the above

Question 36

The stabilimeter measures which of the following?

A)startle responses in rats
B)taxes in rats
C)kinesis in rats
D)orientation responses in rats

Question 37

According to Groves and Thompson (1970), which of the following is true?

A)Habituation and sensitization processes occur in different parts of the nervous system.
B)Habituation is similar to fatigue; sensitization is similar to adaptation.
C)Habituation is similar to adaptation; sensitization is similar to fatigue.
D)Both habituation and sensitization occur at the level of the sensory receptors.

Question 38

Spontaneous recovery from habituation occurs

A)after time passes.
B)after a strong extraneous stimulus is presented.
C)after a weak extraneous stimulus is presented.
D)All of the above

Question 39

The dual-process theory assumes which of the following?

A)One neural process is responsible for increases and decreases in responsiveness to stimulation.
B)Different types of neural mechanisms are responsible for increases and decreases in responsiveness to stimulation.
C)Habituation and sensitization effects are essentially the same.
D)Habituation is due to fatigue; sensitization is due to learning.

Question 40

Which of the following is not true of the dual-process theory?

A)Different processes are assumed to underlie increases and decreases in responsiveness to stimulation.
B)The habituation and sensitization processes are mutually exclusive.
C)The habituation effect is not a direct reflection of the habituation process.
D)The sensitization effect is not a direct reflection of the sensitization process.

Question 41

Explain how two different reflexes can promote the well being of an organism.

Question 42

The dual-process theory suggests which of the following?

A)Habituation processes occur in parts of the nervous system that determine the organism's general level of responsiveness.
B)Habituation processes occur in the shortest neural path between sense organs and muscles.
C)Habituation and sensitization processes occur in the parts of the nervous system that determine the organism's general level of responsiveness.
D)Habituation and sensitization processes determine the animal's general readiness to respond.

Question 43

Habituation is to sensitization as

A)motor is to sensory.
B)S-R is to state.
C)S-S is to S-R.
D)state is to S-S.

Question 44

In Aplysia, the role of the facilitory interneuron is to

A)increase sensitivity of the motor neuron.
B)increase the release of neurotransmitter from the sensory neuron.
C)decrease the sensitivity of the motor neuron.
D)decrease the release of neurotransmitter from the motor neuron.

Question 45

The opponent-process theory assumes

A)the a process is inefficient.
B)the b process is inefficient.
C)the a and b processes are inefficient.
D)the a and b processes are independent.

Question 46

An emotion-arousing stimulus elicits

A)emotion after-effects directly.
B)the a process directly.
C)the b process directly.
D)the a and b processes directly.

Question 47

Sensitization in the Aplysia occurs due to

A)engagement of the facilitory interneuron.
B)changes in the sensitivity of the motor neuron.
C)changes in the sensitivity of the sensory neuron
D)changes in the action potential of the sensory neuron.

Question 48

In Aplysia , habituation of the gill withdrawal effect due to stimulation of the siphon

A)has no effect on the response to stimulation of the mantle.
B)increases the effect of stimulating the mantle.
C)decreases the effect of stimulating the mantle.
D)completely attenuates responding to stimulation of the mantle.

Question 49

The opponent-process theory predicts that couples who have spent many years together

A)become bored and enjoy time apart.
B)become increasingly affectionate.
C)become resentful if the other partner leaves, even for a short time.
D)will show few overt signs of affection.

Question 50

According to the dual-process theory, when rats were tested with a relatively quiet background noise, their response to a startling tone

A)habituated because the state system was already responding to auditory stimuli.
B)habituated because only the S-R system was activated.
C)sensitized because the state system was responding to the background tone.
D)sensitized because both the state and S-R systems were activated.

Question 51

The stimulus specificity of sensitization is _____ that of habituation.

A)less than
B)greater than
C)either less than or greater than (depending on the stimulus)
D)equal to

Question 52

Your friend is surprised by his grandmother's reaction to the unfortunate passing of her husband. Although for years she had shown her husband no overt signs of affection, his death has left her devastated. You explain to your friend that according to the opponent-process theory this change is due to

A)a new a process activated by the funeral.
B)a new b process activated by the funeral.
C)the removal of the a process associated with her husband.
D)the removal of the b process associated with her husband.

Question 53

Habituation in the Aplysia occurs due to

A)changes in the facilitory interneuron.
B)changes in the sensitivity of the motor neuron.
C)changes in the amount of neurotransmitter released by the sensory neuron.
D)changes in the action potential of the sensory neuron.

Question 54

The opponent-process theory suggests that alcoholics continue drinking to

A)avoid opponent after-effects.
B)increase opponent after-effects.
C)enjoy the primary pleasurable effects.
D)enjoy the secondary pleasurable effects.

Question 55

The dual-process theory can account for qualitative differences

A)between short-term and long-term habituation.
B)between sensitization and long-term habituation.
C)between sensitization and short-term habituation.
D)among sensitization, short-term habituation, and long-term habituation.

Question 56

Applying a shock to the tail of the Aplysia

A)has no effect on the responses to stimulation of the siphon or mantle.
B)increases responding to stimulation of the mantle but not the siphon.
C)increases responding to stimulation of the siphon but not the mantle.
D)increases responding to stimulation of both the siphon and mantle.

Question 57

Habituation processes occur in the _____ system. Sensitization processes occur in the _____ system.

A)state; sensory
B)S-R; S-S
C)S-R; state
D)state; S-S

Question 58

Why would the same tone result in habituation for rats exposed to a low level background noise and sensitization for rats exposed to high level background noise?

A)Only the high level background noise masked the tone.
B)Only the low level background noise masked the tone.
C)The low level background noise and tone combination activated the state and S-R system.
D)The high level background noise and tone combination activated the state and S-R system.

Question 59

According to the dual-process theory, each presentation of a given stimulus activates

A)both the state and S-R systems.
B)the state system and may activate the S-R system.
C)the S-R system.
D)the state system.

Question 60

According to the opponent-process theory, drug tolerance develops because

A)the a process weakens.
B)the b process weakens.
C)the a process strengthens.
D)the b process strengthens.

Question 61

Describe two changes in neurons of aplysia that are associated with habituation.

Question 62

How does the dual-process theory account for habituation effects? Sensitization effects?

Question 63

Describe the opponent-process theory of motivation. Using an example from common human experience, demonstrate how the mechanisms of the theory account for an overt response.

Question 64

What is the role of facilitory interneurons in sensitization of the gill-withdrawal reflex of aplysia ?

Question 65

Explain why repeated presentations of the same stimulus can elicit responses that decrease in one group of subjects and increase in another group of subjects.

Question 66

Discuss the importance of behavioral sequences. What role do appetitive and consummatory behaviors play in organizing behavior? How do general search, focal search, and consummatory behaviors differ? Provide examples of each.

Question 67

What is the difference between a modal action pattern and a simple general reflex? Provide an example of each.

Question 68

Describe how a researcher can determine which stimulus features elicit modal action patterns.

Question 69

Describe how elicited behavior can be involved in complex social interactions, like breast feeding.

Question 70

Compare the dual-process theory to the opponent-process theory of motivation. What is the goal of each theory? What similarities do you notice in the mechanisms? Differences? How does each account for habituation effects?

Question 71

What factors influence the elicitation of a modal action pattern?

Question 72

Compare and contrast appetitive and consummatory behavior, and describe how these are related to general search, focal search, and food handling.

Question 73

How can a response that has decreased through habituation to the eliciting stimulus be reinstated?

Question 74

Describe how researchers ensure that fatigue and sensory adaptation are not the cause of response decrements in experiments investigating habituation.

Question 75

What is the biphasic pattern of emotional responses? Apply this concept in the description of a common human experience.

Question 76

Describe sign stimuli involved in the control of human behavior.

Question 77

How does the opponent-process theory of motivation explain drug tolerance and addictive behaviors? What is the evidence for the underlying mechanisms?

Question 78

Compare and contrast habituation and sensitization effects. Include descriptions of the stimulus specificity of each.

Question 79

Explain the role of the S-R and state systems in elicited behaviors.

Question 80

Describe components of the startle response and how the startle response may undergo sensitization.