Deck 33: Europe in Ideological Conflict

Question 1

During the reign of Nicholas I, Russia gained the unofficial title, the "Gendarme of Europe," because

A) no other country would take the responsibility of helping keep the peace.
B) he believed that God had given Russia the responsibility of keeping the peace.
C) Nicholas was ready to send the Russian military anywhere to stop liberal movements.
D) Nicholas was able to quell a major revolutionary attempt in his own country by the Decembrists.
E) Nicholas, a strong reactionary, loaned his troops out to several countries facing revolutions.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The last half of the 1800s brought a large growth of population in Europe and in America, with a resultant

A) need for faster rail service.
B) need for more trains, since more people traveled regularly.
C) need for more industrialization.
D) large increase in markets for consumer goods.
E) desire among many young people to leave their farms and move to the cities.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What was the nature of post-Napoleonic Conservatism? What effects did it have on early 19^th century Europe?

Answer 3

Answer not provided.

Question 4

Nicholas I of Russia believed that

A) he was ruling by God's will.
B) the Decembrists could be controlled without the use of force.
C) the best plan of government for Russia was autocracy.
D) Russia and France should work together as allies to control Europe.
E) he would, in time, be able to allow his people to have a constitution.

Question 5

The concept of the "unseen hand" was most closely related to

A) politics.
B) economics.
C) religion.
D) technology.
E) banking.

Question 6

Early European nationalism was generally

A) racist and bigoted.
B) an excuse for waging war on others.
C) instrumental in establishing healthy governments.
D) devoutly religious in its orientation.
E) culturally productive and tolerant.

Question 7

In what general ways were Liberalism and the Industrial Revolution compatible? From what sources did Liberalism draw its greatest support?

Question 8

Describe the impact of the events of 1848, and explain their impact on England. On France. On Austria. On Prussia.

Question 9

The concept of laissez faire in government would translate as

A) every man for himself.
B) an associative community.
C) liberty and equality.
D) the less government the better.
E) free trade.

Question 10

Identify the socialists, in the pre-Marxian sense, before 1850. Describe their main ideas. Why did Karl Marx deride them as "Utopians"?

Question 11

One belief among all conservatives of the 19^th century was the need for

A) governmental reform.
B) separation of church and state.
C) less government interference in business affairs.
D) continued class-based distinctions.
E) an official religion.

Question 12

In which areas can we speak of there being a "dual revolution" in the 19^th-20^th centuries?

A) politics and religion
B) politics and economics
C) arts and sciences
D) economics and religion
E) science and religion

Question 13

France and England stood out from other European states by the early 1800s, since they were the only two countries to

A) retain monarchs.
B) have parliaments.
C) make trade agreements with the United States.
D) form reform-minded political parties.
E) stick with their liberal political and nationalistic ideas.

Question 14

An alliance in Western Europe between middle-class reformers and working-class voters brought about

A) major changed in the educational system, with more poor children attending school.
B) a much more egalitarian society.
C) marked improvements in the everyday lives of the working-class.
D) changes in voting patterns, with working-class males winning local offices for the first time.
E) a much more democratic spirit in government.

Question 15

Explain and describe the pattern in the Liberal revolts of 1848. Which nation helped to destroy the dream of a "democratic" Europe? Why?

Question 16

One of the most negative aspects of 19^th century nationalism was the development of

A) global animosities.
B) propaganda.
C) indifference to international affairs.
D) mercantilism.
E) feelings of cultural superiority.

Question 17

Describe Adam Smith's ideology as enunciated in 1776. How did it develop into Manchester Liberalism? What was Smith's impact on England?

Question 18

The main goal of the European aristocrats who pushed for reforms in the 1800s seems to have been for the real purpose of

A) improving society overall.
B) preventing future revolutions.
C) maintaining their conservative agenda.
D) building up the educational system and keeping children in school.
E) demonstrating that they could accept liberal ideas.

Question 19

Using the works of various theorists, Manchester Liberals advanced the idea that

A) the more workers were paid, the greater their productivity would be.
B) poor relief would pay dividends to factory owners.
C) government legislation could relieve many social problems.
D) the poor were doomed to stay poor through their own fault.
E) relief for the poor was an obligation of the rich.

Question 20

Reactionaries in government were those who

A) sought to overthrow the British government.
B) rejected the ideas of the American and French Revolutions.
C) wanted to abolish all "official" religions.
D) pushed for the adoption of a liberal system of government.
E) wanted to reform Britain's financial system.

Question 21

The most important parliamentary act in 19^th century British history was the

A) passage of the United Kingdom Act.
B) passage of the Reform Act of 1832.
C) decision to exile Napoleon to St. Helena.
D) passage of the Factory Act of 1819.
E) ousting of the Tories from Parliament.

Question 22

The goals laid out by the early socialist thinkers would most accurately be described as

A) ambitious.
B) idealistic.
C) unnatural.
D) impossible.
E) unreasonable.

Question 23

The Frankfurt Assembly was a group attempting to

A) retain a conservative government in Prussia.
B) maintain separation within the German provinces.
C) gather an army to fight the Prussians.
D) unify Germany under Prussian authoritarianism.
E) establish a liberal constitution for Germany.

Question 24

Those who benefited most from the July Monarchy were

A) artisans.
B) the aristocracy.
C) the upper middle class.
D) Catholic priests.
E) parliamentarians.

Question 25

Italian unity and all forms of Liberalism were staunchly opposed by Pope ____________________.

Question 26

The Romantic period was one that, most of all, detested

A) faith in rationalism.
B) the new stress on gaining material wealth .
C) sentimentality.
D) high drama.
E) industrialization.

Question 27

In 1848, the only major European powers spared rebellion were

A) France and England.
B) Austria and England.
C) England and Russia.
D) Russia and Prussia.
E) England and Prussia.

Question 28

The 2nd French Republic was subverted after only three years and replaced by the rule of ____________________ ____________________.

Question 29

Which of the following statements pertains to the Revolts of 1848?

A) National divisions contributed to the lack of success in Italy.
B) The first revolt of that year occurred in Vienna in the month of February.
C) In reality, two different types of revolts took place, with the middle class leading the first, and the second being led by the workers and the peasants.
D) England and France probably avoided the revolutionary clashes because their governments seemed too strong to challenge.
E) During the early days of the revolts, Austria and the German states appeared to be on the verge of success, but the coalition of different classes could not hold together.

Question 30

In the Italian revolt of 1848, Pope Pius IX

A) retreated into Vatican City to pray for peace.
B) sided with the Austrians who controlled northern industrialism.
C) strongly favored Sardinia because its ruler was at least Italian.
D) supported the working class because he felt the way they had been treated was morally wrong.
E) became frightened by the actions of the Roman mobs and opposed any liberalism from that time on.

Question 31

The years immediately following the Vienna Settlement (1815) were years of

A) relative calm.
B) liberal predominance.
C) depression and famine.
D) successful nationalistic revolts.
E) conservative retreat into isolationism.

Question 32

Wages were the focus of study by the liberal theorist ____________________ ____________________.

Question 33

Victor Hugo's novel, Les Mis é rables tackles the difficult issue of

A) liberalism versus conservatism.
B) factory working conditions.
C) class-based social tensions.
D) parliamentary representation.
E) serfdom.

Question 34

Britain avoided revolution in the early 19^th century largely because of

A) Austria's assistance.
B) military repression.
C) radical reform.
D) Parliamentary improvements.
E) its strong monarchy.

Question 35

Attempting for a year to give Germany a liberal constitution, the ____________________ Assembly failed miserably.

Question 36

The most notable success in early socialist experiments was

A) the New Lanark mill of Robert Owen.
B) the phalanstery of Charles Fourier.
C) the anarchy promoted by Pierre Proudhon.
D) the communal society proposed by the French revolutionaries.
E) the implementation of feminist ideas in France by Charles Fourier.

Question 37

During the 1848 revolutions the peasants generally

A) led the revolts.
B) were marginalized by the leaders of the revolts.
C) suffered tremendous social losses.
D) gained significant improvements in their working conditions.
E) did not join the revolutions, seeing no common goals between themselves and the leaders of the revolutions.

Question 38

"Property is theft" most accurately reflects the ideas of

A) David Ricardo.
B) Pierre Proudhon.
C) Adam Smith.
D) Louis Philippe.
E) Robert Owen.

Question 39

Most people agree that Charles Fourier's theory on communal living could never have worked, but one thing he did understand was

A) how to influence people.
B) the damage that could be done to society because of stress experienced by an individual.
C) that human passions had no place in the world of business.
D) that competition was good for the business soul.
E) that some time away in a commune spent in quiet reflection was good for both body and soul.

Question 40

The middle classes eventually sided with the Crown and the aristocracy during Europe's 1848 revolts, because the one thing they feared most was

A) communism, with rule by a few radicals.
B) anarchy, with no rules at all.
C) losing their opportunity to help their children have better lives than they had had.
D) being treated like the working-class.
E) socialism, with rule by the masses.

Question 41

The socialistic-experimental textile mill of New Lanark was the brainchild of the reformer ____________________ ____________________.

Question 42

Classical economic liberalism proved very popular among the cotton mill owners of the city of ____________________, for which it was named.

Question 43

In the early 1800s, reactionary conservatism was the norm in ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.

Question 44

The ____________________ ____________________ of ____________________ took powers away from the British landowning aristocracy and benefited the urban middle classes.

Question 45

The ____________________ ____________________ was a reaction against the Industrial Age that appealed to the emotions.

Question 46

Prior to unification, the reactionary kingdom of ____________________ controlled the south and ____________________.