Deck 29: Principles of Pharmacology

Question 1

The term "narcotic" can be used interchangeably with opiates.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Today, Paramedics carry some of the most powerful drugs available in medicine.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Hippocrates advanced the idea that disease was caused by evil spirits.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

A trade name is a description of the drug according to its elemental chemical makeup and molecular structure.

Question 5

Hippocrates identified the humours of the body were red blood, white phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile, each representing the fundamental elements of air, water, fire, and earth.

Question 6

The ED50 is shorthand for lethal dose 50%, where 50% of the test animals given a certain dose of medicine died.

Question 7

It can take over 12 to 15 years for each new drug to complete the FDA process and may cost as much as $500 million in research.

Question 8

Off-label use often occurs when a generic drug, which is no longer protected by patent, is used for a new indication.

Question 9

The medicinal use of herbs, also called botanicals, is increasing across the United States.

Question 10

In Phase II drug trails, a pharmacologic evaluation has to be performed on the drug to determine modes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in normal healthy human volunteers.

Question 11

Allergic reactions can be the most problematic of the adverse drug reactions, with complications ranging from a contact dermatitis to anaphylactic shock and death.

Question 12

The gum of a plant, sometimes called its resin, is actually a complex sugar, a polysaccharide, that when moistened becomes a gelatinous material.

Question 13

Cold maceration involves bringing water to a boil then steeping the herbs like one would a teabag and drinking the resulting solution.

Question 14

In 1901, the average American could expect to live to be about 78 years old.

Question 15

The liver's actions upon certain drugs, called bypass metabolism, can markedly reduce the amount of active drug available for the target organ when it reaches the systemic circulation.

Question 16

Physical dependence is more than severe psychological dependence.

Question 17

Type IV allergic reactions are often the most severe and can occur within minutes of exposure.

Question 18

The public, in an effort to lower healthcare costs, have increasingly been self-diagnosing, self-prescribing, and self-administering OTC medicine.

Question 19

Natural salts and minerals have also been used for centuries for their medicinal qualities.

Question 20

Synergism is never desirable.

Question 21

When a drug produces an unpredictable reaction that is not allergic in nature or due to overdose and resultant toxicity, it is called a(n) ____.

A) idiosyncratic reaction
B) psychosomatic reaction
C) toxic reaction
D) intrinsic reaction

Question 22

____, a member of the healing guild Asclepiadae named after the god Asclepius, is considered the "father" of western medicine.

A) Socrates
B) Plato
C) Hippocrates
D) Diogenes

Question 23

____ are easily absorbed into the bloodstream and the active ingredient is taken up by the target organ when the sugar is absorbed.

A) Glucosides
B) Glycosides
C) Fructosides
D) Gluduronides

Question 24

____ are substances that have been extracted from plants for centuries for their use as food additives as well as medications.

A) Fumes
B) Saps
C) Oils
D) Gels

Question 25

____ is the study of how factors such as drug absorption, distribution, detoxification, and elimination affect a drug's therapeutic value.

A) Pharmacology
B) Pharmacokinetics
C) Pharmacodynamics
D) Pharmacogenomics

Question 26

To distinguish a patented drug, manufacturers assign a unique name, called the ____ name.

A) generic
B) standard
C) market
D) trade

Question 27

Widespread experimentation with new formulas in order to create new remedies heralded the dawn of ____, the study of drugs.

A) pharmacology
B) anatomy
C) toxicology
D) epidemiology

Question 28

When one drug increases the effectiveness of another drug, this is called ____.

A) additive
B) potentiation
C) cumulative
D) effective

Question 29

Sometimes a drug creates an unwanted or harmful biological response and the subsequent negative impact upon the patient's health is an ____.

A) adverse drug reaction
B) toxic reaction
C) untreatable illness
D) systemic shutdown

Question 30

The capillaries of the brain have tight slit junctions, preventing toxins and chemicals, including drugs, from easily passing into the brain. This obstacle is referred to as the ____ barrier.

A) blood-spine
B) brain-spine
C) blood-lymph
D) blood-brain

Question 31

____, a combination of pharmaceutical research with the study of the human genome, promises to find other new ways to treat disease.

A) Pharmacogenomics
B) Pharmacology
C) Toxicology
D) Pharmacoepidemiology

Question 32

The ____ made it illegal to obtain "narcotics" (e.g., morphine) without a prescription.

A) Uniform State Narcotic Act in 1932
B) Harrison Act of 1914
C) Controlled Substance Act of 1970
D) Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970

Question 33

A drug's ____ is the ratio of the difference between the median effective dose and the median lethal dose of a drug.

A) legal index
B) relative index
C) effective index
D) therapeutic index

Question 34

New drugs are typically ____, ensuring the manufacturer exclusive dominion over the drug for a specified period of time.

A) trademarked
B) copyrighted
C) patented
D) controlled

Question 35

When pharmacy was in its infancy, most medications came from ____.

A) oils
B) minerals
C) animals
D) plants

Question 36

____ is the study of poisons.

A) Pharmacology
B) Toxicology
C) Physiology
D) Epidemiology

Question 37

Type ____ allergic reactions are delayed drug reactions that are caused by the IgG antibodies in the blood.

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 38

A type ____ allergic reaction is an inflammatory reaction secondary to T-lymphocytes and macrophages, such as a contact dermatitis from poison ivy, that may result from cross-contamination of topical ointments or crèmes.

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 39

In an effort to protect the public from false advertising and adulterated medicine, Congress enacted the ____.

A) Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
B) Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1906
C) Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
D) Pure Food and Drug Act of 1938

Question 40

The passage of the ____ went beyond the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1937 by adding a new condition to the sale of drugs within the United States.

A) Kefauver-Harris Act in 1962
B) Controlled Substance Act of 1970
C) Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
D) Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

Question 41

____________________ are made by boiling water over the top of the herbs and immediately drawing off the solution.

Question 42

____________________ drugs are generally sold by pharmacists over-the-counter (OTC) so patients can self-treat minor illnesses.

Question 43

____________________ are unwanted biological responses to a drug, which are not harmful, adverse drug effects.

Question 44

Drug therapies for rare or uncommon diseases are generally nonprofitable and are called ____________________ drugs

Question 45

The ____________________ is used as a symbol of medicine.

Question 46

____________________ is the difference between the amount administered and the amount that is bound and unavailable for use.

Question 47

When a drug levels attain the targeted value, as manifested by observation of the therapeutic effect, then the drug is at the ____________________ level.

Question 48

A(n) ____________________, also called a compendium, is a comprehensive list of drugs which not only includes formulas but usual strengths, standards of purity, and ranges of doses that are available in a certain country or region.

Question 49

____________________ are nitrogenous chemicals which are alkaline in nature and often chemically combined with acids to create water-soluble salts, such as morphine sulfate or atropine sulfate.

Question 50

A(n) ____________________ can be described as a highly unusual or abnormal reaction, within a small subpopulation of patients, to a drug that the rest of the population can normally tolerate.