Deck 13: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

Question 1

Luther's ideas were most readily accepted in which country?

A)England
B)France
C)Scandinavia

Answer 1

Scandinavia

Question 2

How are the Anabaptists best described?

A)They advocated adult baptism, and if they had been baptized as children, a second baptism.
B)They were not regarded as a political threat as they preached separation between church and state.
C)They were founded by Conrad Grebel, beginning as an elitist movement.

Answer 2

They advocated adult baptism, and if they had been baptized as children, a second baptism.

Question 3

"Bloody Mary" Tudor earned her nickname by executing more than 300 members of which group?

A)Irish aristocrats
B)Protestants
C)Catholics

Answer 3

Protestants

Question 4

What was Luther's position on the sacraments of the Catholic Church?

A)He accepted all seven.
B)He rejected all of them except baptism and communion, or the Lord's Supper.
C)He claimed marriage as the only true sacrament.

Question 5

The Peace of Augsburg settled the Lutheran problem by adopting which principle?

A)States north of the Main River would be Lutheran, while those to the south would be Catholic.
B)Each territory would hold popular elections to determine its religion.
C)The ruler of each territory determined the religion there.

Question 6

Though Luther was condemned, why did he survive?

A)He was protected by the Elector of Saxony.
B)He managed to escape to Geneva.
C)He persuaded the Church not to resist his reforms.

Question 7

How did Zwingli's interpretation of the Lord's Supper differ from Luther's?

A)Luther held to the Catholic belief in transubstantiation.
B)Luther said that the ceremony was totally symbolic.
C)Zwingli said the ceremony was only symbolic and that no real transformation in the bread and wine occurred.

Question 8

Which of the following was a central belief of Lutheranism?

A)Justification is by faith alone.
B)The sale of indulgences is a proper revenue source for a church.
C)The pope is a true representative of Christ on earth.

Question 9

How is England's Queen Elizabeth best described?

A)As a pious Catholic
B)As a fervent Calvinist
C)As a moderate Protestant

Question 10

How are the northern Christian humanists best described?

A)They wished to continue the complicated theological arguments of the Middle Ages.
B)They championed the study of classical and early Christian texts to reform the Catholic Church.
C)They did not believe that education could increase personal piety.

Question 11

Millenarianism's central belief is best described by which of the following?

A)All Christians go to heaven.
B)All priests are impious.
C)The end of the world is imminent.

Question 12

How is the Reformation in England under Henry VIII best described?

A)It was triggered by Henry's desire for a male heir.
B)It enacted a total renunciation of Catholic doctrine.
C)It was organized and enacted by Thomas More.

Question 13

Who was the CHIEF rival of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V?

A)Henry VIII of England
B)Ludwig II of Bavaria
C)Francis I of France

Question 14

In his "philosophy of Christ," Erasmus emphasized which of the following?

A)The role of priests
B)A strictly structured and hierarchical society
C)Inner piety

Question 15

In the eastern part of his empire, Charles V faced a threat to his power from which entity?

A)The Ottoman Empire
B)The Austrian Empire
C)The League of Cambrai

Question 16

Which of the following is among the chief characteristics of John Calvin's reform movement?

A)Calvin's acceptance of "justification by faith alone"
B)Predestination and the absolute sovereignty of God
C)The belief that humans must obey secular authorities

Question 17

In the sixteenth century, how is Switzerland best described?

A)It was unified under the firm control of the Holy Roman Empire.
B)It was made up of thirteen cantons, under the leadership of wealthy bourgeoisie.
C)It became Europe's greatest economic power under the Swiss confederation.

Question 18

England's break with the Roman church became official with the passage of which act?

A)Act of Union
B)Act of Supremacy
C)Act of Toleration

Question 19

At its outset, how is the Reformation in Germany best described?

A)A purely rural phenomenon
B)Largely an urban phenomenon
C)A movement with strong urban and rural backing

Question 20

The Peace of Augsburg brought an end to which conflict?

A)The Peasants' War
B)The Habsburg-Valois Wars
C)Charles V's war with the Schmalkaldic League

Question 21

How did the Reformation change conceptions of the family?

A)It substantially transformed women's subordinate place in society.
B)It created new career avenues for women outside the home.
C)It extolled the superior state of marriage over celibacy.

Question 22

Which of the following statements concerning Desiderius Erasmus is NOT true?

A)He de-emphasized external forms of religion such as pilgrimages and fasts.
B)He believed the Vulgate contained errors and published a new translation of the New Testament.
C)He actively sought to destroy the unity of the medieval Christian church.

Question 23

Calvin's success in which city enabled it to become the vibrant center of Protestantism?

A)Geneva
B)Paris
C)Edinburgh

Question 24

Which Jesuit missionary propagated Christianity in India, Malacca and the Moluccas, and Japan?

A)Ignatius of Loyola
B)Francis Xavier
C)Saint Teresa of Avila

Question 25

During the 1540s, the turning point in the direction of the Catholic Reformation was exemplified by which of the following?

A)Pope Paul III, who proved to be an ultraconservative in refusing possible changes within the church
B)The Roman Inquisition and the creation of the Index of Forbidden Books
C)The Council of Trent, which invited Protestants to discuss their doctrines

Question 26

What were Luther's chief concerns about Church teachings?

Question 27

How did Luther spread his message?

Question 28

How did the Reformation affect the development of education in Europe?

A)It expanded public access to primary schooling and improving secondary schooling through the gymnasium.
B)It restricted access to Protestant schooling to the nobility and wealthier urban patricians.
C)It eradicated all humanist influences in schooling.

Question 29

In France, the politiques referred to which group?

A)Heads of various religious and political factions during the civil wars
B)Administrators in provincial towns, appointed by the king
C)Those who placed politics ahead of religion in an attempt to end the wars of religion

Question 30

Which ruler was the greatest advocate of militant Catholicism?

A)Philip II of Spain
B)Henry VII of England
C)Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire

Question 31

Ignatius of Loyola was the founder of which religious organization?

A)The Capuchin Order
B)The Brothers of the Common Life
C)The Society of Jesus

Question 32

Which of the following best characterizes popular religion on the eve of the Reformation?

A)People sought certainty of salvation through a variety of means, including the veneration of relics and the purchase of indulgences.
B)There was a marked decline in popular religious piety in the fifteenth century, as only elites exhibited interest in religion.
C)Most ordinary people were actively engaged in grassroots efforts to do away with orthodox beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church.

Question 33

Why were German elites mostly welcoming of Lutheranism?

Question 34

What were the goals of Christian humanists?

Question 35

Calvin believed that salvation might be indicated by which of the following?

A)A secret profession of faith
B)A decent and godly life
C)Participation in the seven sacraments of the medieval church

Question 36

What effect did the Leipzig debates have on Luther's thought?

Question 37

Who among the following led the resistance to Spanish rule in the Netherlands?

A)The duke of Alva
B)William of Orange
C)The prince of Parma

Question 38

All are true of the Edict of Nantes EXCEPT which of the following?

A)It was an acknowledgment that Catholicism was the official religion in France.
B)It expelled the Huguenots from France.
C)It recognized the rights of the Protestant minority.

Question 39

The Council of Trent was significant for what reason?

A)It compromised with the Protestants on the doctrine of justification by faith.
B)It agreed with most Protestants that there were only two sacraments.
C)It reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs against the Reformation.

Question 40

How was the church regarded by the end of the Renaissance?

Question 41

What was the church's response to the Reformation?

Question 42

What were Calvin's key beliefs?

Question 43

How were Erasmus's and More's writings representative of Christian humanism? Why?

Question 44

Why was literacy important to Protestantism?

Question 45

How did Protestant reformers view women?

Question 46

How did religion influence European foreign policy in the 1500s?

Question 47

Where was Calvinism the most successful? Why?

Question 48

What was the purpose of the Council of Trent?

Question 49

For Luther, what was the only sure source of truth and the only reliable path of faith, other than justification?

A)The opinions of scholars
B)The Bible
C)The authority of the pope

Question 50

Luther's religious crisis came to a head over which of his growing beliefs?

A)The Bible had passages which were contradictory
B)The legitimacy of the Catholic Church should never be questioned
C)No amount of good works could satisfy God's righteousness

Question 51

How did Protestantism change popular culture?

Question 52

How were the Anabaptists different to Lutherans?

Question 53

What was Zwingli's role in the spread of Lutheranism?

Question 54

What was the mission of the new Jesuit order?

Question 55

Describe Spanish policy toward Protestants.

Question 56

Describe Elizabeth I's approach to religious conflict in England.

Question 57

Describe the French Wars of Religion.

Question 58

Which was more crucial to the spread of Lutheranism, his message or his allies? Why?

Question 59

How did England end its relationship with the papacy under Henry VIII?

Question 60

Did Luther intend to overthrow the church or reform it initially? Did his mind change during his efforts to reach his goals? How so if so, and why not if not?

Question 61

What were some of the church's most important reforms after the Reformation? What was the importance of the Jesuit Order in these reforms?

Question 62

How did Protestantism change education across Europe? How did these changes influence understandings of gender roles in early modern Europe?

Question 63

Luther's break with the church was prompted by which of the following?

A)The Council of Pisa's declaration that maintained the necessity of purgatory for salvation
B)The increase of papal taxes on the German peasantry
C)Widespread sale of indulgences by preaching monks

Question 64

How did Protestantism try to change popular culture? What successes and failures did Protestant reformers have? Why?

Question 65

How was the institution of the papacy revived? What results did efforts to revive the papacy have?

Question 66

Describe Elizabeth I's religious policies. What effect did they have on Protestant and Catholic communities in England? What success did her policies have?

Question 67

How did religion influence politics in France and Spain the late 1500s?

Question 68

What implications did Calvinist doctrine have for religious belief? How was it different from other Protestant doctrines?

Question 69

Describe the Anabaptist vision of the church and Christianity. How was this different from other visions of the day, and what similarities existed?

Question 70

How is the Peasants' War of 1524-1525 best described?

A)It was strongly opposed by Luther, who saw it as a social revolution from below against God's divine order.
B)It furthered the spread of Lutheranism throughout all of Europe.
C)It was praised by Luther, as it destroyed the great Catholic princes of Germany.

Question 71

Luther's pamphlet, The Address to the Nobility of the German Nation, did which of the following?

A)It attacked the sacramental system of the church.
B)It focused on the doctrine of salvation and promoted faith works.
C)It called on the German princes to overthrow the papacy in German lands.

Question 72

What effect did England's break from the papacy have on religious life, institutions, and communities in England?

Question 73

How is the Edict of Worms best described?

A)It contained Luther's refutation of Johann Eck's accusations.
B)It expressed Luther's rejection of Pope Innocent I's spiritual authority.
C)It made Luther an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 74

Describe the wars of religion in Europe. Who were the main winners and losers, and how was the conflict resolved?