Deck 21: Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815-1850

Question 1

The most successful nationalistic European revolution in 1830 was in which of the following countries?

A)Belgium
B)Germany
C)Italy

Answer 1

Belgium

Question 2

The English Poor Law of 1834 was based on which of the following premises?

A)The poor were entitled to decent levels of support, so the government should set aside some of its revenues to employ poor people in industry.
B)The rich had a moral obligation to support the poor which they could satisfy by building housing for them in small villages across the country.
C)If the conditions of provision for state welfare were intentionally made miserable, then the poor would be encouraged to find profitable employment.

Answer 2

If the conditions of provision for state welfare were intentionally made miserable, then the poor would be encouraged to find profitable employment.

Question 3

J.S. Mill's On the Subjection of Women made which of the following arguments?

A)Women should be kept in the home to improve men's chances of finding work.
B)Men and women did not possess different natures.
C)Parliament should admit women members immediately.

Answer 3

Men and women did not possess different natures.

Question 4

The revolution of 1848 in France ultimately resulted in which of the following?

A)A new French empire under Louis Napoleon
B)New elections to the national Assembly, resulting in the dominance of the radical republicans
C)Europe's first socialist state under the guidance of Blanc's workshops

Question 5

Louis-Philippe was most strongly supported by which of the following social orders?

A)The middle classes
B)The working classes
C)The remnants of the aristocracy

Question 6

During its period of dominance in the first quarter of the nineteenth century, Britain's Tory government did which of the following?

A)It enacted policies that sparked mass protests, including the Peterloo Massacre of 1819.
B)It passed the Corn Law of 1815, which drastically reduced tariffs on foreign grain.
C)It allowed for large public meetings and the dissemination of pamphlets among the poor as a sign of goodwill.

Question 7

Following the death of Alexander I in 1825, Russian society under Nicholas I experienced which of the following changes?

A)It became the most liberal of the European powers.
B)It became a police state, as the czar feared both internal and external revolutionary upheavals.
C)It became an industrial power after the abolition of serfdom.

Question 8

The Reform Bill of 1832 in Britain primarily benefited whom?

A)Landed aristocracy
B)Upper middle-class families
C)Working class people

Question 9

Which of the following was central to the liberal ideology in the nineteenth century?

A)The passage of child labor laws
B)The preservation of law and order
C)An emphasis on individual freedom

Question 10

How are Louis Blanc's "national workshops" in France best described?

A)They became a vital part of the French economy.
B)They were extremely important to the French radical aristocracy.
C)They became little more than unemployment compensation units through public works projects.

Question 11

How is the growing movement of nationalism in nineteenth-century Europe best described?

A)It was resisted by liberals, who felt that all ethnic groups should live together harmoniously.
B)It advocated the formation of one European nation to end economic and military conflicts.
C)It was radical since it encouraged people to shift their political loyalty away from existing states and rulers.

Question 12

Which of the following groups most embraced liberalism?

A)Factory workers
B)The industrial middle class
C)Radical aristocrats

Question 13

The July Ordinances of Charles X in 1830 resulted in which of the following?

A)It represented Charles's acceptance of political liberalism.
B)It reduced the French electorate and imposed rigid censorship of the press.
C)It resulted in the king's assassination by radicals.

Question 14

David Ricardo's iron law of wages stated which of the following?

A)Wages would rise as competition eliminated inefficient producers.
B)Wages would decline as productivity drove prices down.
C)Wages would fall when the population of workers increased.

Question 15

Metternich's "principle of legitimacy" refers to which of the following?

A)A government that respects the religion of the majority of its subjects
B)The restoration of monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions
C)The sanctity of the church's role in investing power in political leaders

Question 16

Who was the leader of the Congress of Vienna?

A)Tsar Alexander I
B)Napoleon
C)Klemens von Metternich

Question 17

After the Congress of Vienna, how is Italy best described?

A)It was entirely unified as a single country.
B)It had been divided into nine states, subject to the domination of other European powers.
C)It was divided into two states, one in the north and the other in the south.

Question 18

Which of the following statements best applies to Thomas Macaulay's thoughts on reform in Britain?

A)He opposed giving political concessions to the middle class.
B)He was convinced that reforms were largely unnecessary due to Britain's democratic heritage.
C)He supported reforms as a means of preventing more radical revolutionary movements.

Question 19

The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819 did all EXCEPT which of the following?

A)Disband the Burschenschaften
B)Impose censorship on the German press
C)Dissolve several smaller German states

Question 20

The growing forces of liberalism and nationalism in central Europe were exemplified by which of the following?

A)Increased liberal reforms of Frederick William III of Prussia between 1815 and 1840
B)National affinity and unity felt by the many Austrian ethnic groups under Frederick II
C)Burschenschaften , the student societies of Germany

Question 21

Which of the following were major themes/subjects of Romantic artists?

A)Portraits
B)Madonnas and religious sense
C)Landscapes and depictions of nature

Question 22

Professional civilian police forces first appeared in which of the following in 1829?

A)Bavaria
B)Russia
C)France

Question 23

All were characteristics of Romanticism EXCEPT which of the following?

A)A strong, pantheistic worship of nature
B)The rejection of the supernatural and unfamiliar
C)A preoccupation with sentiment, suffering, and self-sacrifice

Question 24

Giuseppe Mazzini's nationalist organization, Young Italy, achieved which of the following outcomes?

A)It liberated Italy's northern provinces from Austrian control.
B)It failed to achieve his goal of "resurgence" by 1849.
C)It helped inspire successful liberal constitutions throughout Italy.

Question 25

Regular police forces and prison reforms were geared toward which of the following goals?

A)Reducing criminal behaviors by creating the impression of constant surveillance
B)Appeasing the public outcry against harsh public punishments for minor crimes
C)Helping to enforce new legislation regulating working conditions

Question 26

The Romantic movement is best viewed as which of the following?

A)A reaction against the Enlightenment's preoccupation with reason
B)A continuation of Enlightenment ideals and practices
C)An attempt to create a socialist society

Question 27

Religion in the age of Romanticism experienced which of the following changes?

A)A Catholic revival, especially in Germany
B)An abandonment of faith by many artists and intellectuals
C)A decline in Protestantism in England

Question 28

Why were conservatives critical of granting civil liberties?

Question 29

How is Mazzini's risorgimento best described?

A)It was largely successful in political terms.
B)It failed due to opposition of the French, the Austrians, and the pope.
C)It became the basic ideology of contemporary German liberals.

Question 30

What were the origins of the ideology of conservatism?

Question 31

Which of the following was the outcome of the 1848 Frankfurt Assembly?

A)It unanimously adopted a Grossdeutsch solution for the Germanies.
B)It succeeded in making Prussia's Frederick William IV president of a united Germany.
C)It failed in its attempt to create a united Germany.

Question 32

The most important form of literary expression for the Romantics was which of the following mediums?

A)The essay
B)Poetry
C)The novel

Question 33

Romanticism in art and music was well characterized by whom?

A)Chateaubriand, whose many paintings anticipated the Impressionist movement
B)Beethoven, whose compositions bridged the gap between Classicism and Romanticism
C)Delacroix, who broke classical conventions by using only blacks and whites in his paintings

Question 34

Suffrage had been extended to almost all white adult males in the United States by which of the following decades?

A)1830s
B)1790s
C)1820s

Question 35

What does the concert of Europe refer to?

Question 36

The Congress of Vienna led to which of the following results?

A)It gave Prussia complete control over Polish lands.
B)It created policies that would maintain the European balance of power.
C)It failed to achieve long-lasting peace among European nations.

Question 37

How is Congress of Vienna's treatment of Poland best described?

A)It demonstrated the application of the principle of legitimacy.
B)It revealed the overshadowing of the principle of legitimacy by more practical considerations of power.
C)It resulted in Austrian domination of Poland.

Question 38

How did conservative ideology affect European governments' responses to protests across early nineteenth-century Europe?

Question 39

What was the ultimate goal of the Congress of Vienna?

Question 40

What was the principle of legitimacy?

Question 41

How did European governments respond to revolts in the 1820s and 1830s?

Question 42

Klemens von Metternich is best known for which of the following positions?

A)He believed European monarchs shared the common interest of stability.
B)He thought that a free press was necessary to maintain the status quo.
C)His extreme conservatism reduced his influence in European affairs.

Question 43

What are the key ideas of romanticism?

Question 44

What are the key ideas of liberalism?

Question 45

What was the result of the 1832 Reform Act in Britain?

Question 46

How did the rise of romanticism influence European religious beliefs and practices?

Question 47

What are the key principles of early socialism?

Question 48

How was the July revolution in France provoked?

Question 49

What was the outcome of the 1848 revolutions?

Question 50

What efforts did liberals typically support? Was liberalism's position on European colonialism contradictory with its main values? Why or why not?

Question 51

What was the outcome of the Congress of Vienna? Who played central roles and who was sidelined? To what extent is this reflected in the Congress's decisions?

Question 52

How did European states respond to increased crime in new cities?

Question 53

How did European governments' responses to revolts in the 1820s and 1830 reflect the principles laid down at the Congress of Vienna?

Question 54

Where was liberalism most successful? Why?

Question 55

What are the key principles of nationalism?

Question 56

In his Reflections on the Revolution in France, Edmund Burke made which of the following arguments?

A)He wrote in support of the goals and methods of the French Revolution.
B)He condemned the radical republican and democratic ideas of the French Revolution.
C)He suggested that sudden change was an important means of renewing society.

Question 57

What was the catalyst for the 1848 revolts in France?

Question 58

How did conservatism reshape Europe after the fall of Napoleon's empire? Discuss examples from at least two countries.

Question 59

What was the effect of the 1848 revolts in countries outside France?

Question 60

What was the object of reformed prison systems across Europe?

Question 61

What was the most important cause of the 1848 revolutions in different countries? How are these causes similar and how are they different? Discuss at least two countries in your response.

Question 62

According to Burke, which of the following was the object of conservatism?

A)To preserve the achievements of previous generations by subordinating individual rights to communal welfare
B)To govern according to principles that were held by the majority of the populace, whatever they were
C)To use government to make society more equitable, just, and prosperous, even if it meant taking large risks

Question 63

Why was early socialism not a revolutionary movement? If not revolution, what did early socialism aim to accomplish?

Question 64

By 1824, which one of the following Latin American states had NOT become independent?

A)Panama
B)Paraguay
C)Uruguay

Question 65

What were the fundamental principles of reformed policing and prison systems in Europe? How do these guiding principles represent other concerns of the time?

Question 66

Who among the following was long regarded as the George Washington of Latin America?

A)José de San Martín
B)Simón Bolívar
C)Pancho Villa

Question 67

How did liberalism and nationalism overlap? How did they differ?

Question 68

Why did so many of the 1848 revolutions fail? Were there any successes? If so, what were they?

Question 69

Why did the July Revolution in France end the way it did? Who were the main beneficiaries of the revolution?

Question 70

Which of the following was the most important factor in preventing the European overthrow of the newly independent nations of Latin America?

A)European economic collapse
B)British naval power
C)The Monroe Doctrine

Question 71

How do Poe, Shelly, Byron, and Wordsworth exemplify romantic values? Use examples to support your claim.