Deck 26: The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between the Wars, 1919-1939

Question 1

During the 1920s, how is Germany's Weimar Republic best described?

A)It possessed outstanding politicians.
B)It suffered from uprisings by both left and right.
C)It was able to enact major reforms to Germany's basic governmental structure.

Answer 1

It suffered from uprisings by both left and right.

Question 2

The most famous and spectacular of the Nazi mass demonstrations were held in which of the following cities?

A)Berlin
B)Munich
C)Nuremberg

Answer 2

Nuremberg

Question 3

How did the Nazis prove to be effective in the realm of politics?

A)They secured many small donations from large German corporations.
B)They made the Nazi program appeal to every segment of German society.
C)They persuaded the average German that their program was the only alternative to the inept Weimar regime.

Answer 3

They made the Nazi program appeal to every segment of German society.

Question 4

How are the totalitarian regimes of Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union best described?

A)They pursued vastly different foreign policies.
B)They held each other in disdain.
C)They hoped to control every aspect of their citizens' lives.

Question 5

Mussolini's Fascist dictatorship included all EXCEPT which of the following?

A)The degree of totalitarian control found in Russia and Germany in the 1930s
B)Highly popular and well-attended Fascists youth organizations
C)Press laws that censored publications that challenged the state

Question 6

Which one of the following did NOT characterize the weakness of the League of Nations?

A)The failure of the United States to join
B)U)S. determination to be less involved in European affairs
C)U)S. determination to be more involved in European affairs

Question 7

What was one way Hitler brought Germany out of the Great Depression?

A)By staging mass rallies
B)By printing money
C)Through rearmament and public works

Question 8

All of the following concepts were central to the psychological theories of Carl Jung EXCEPT which one?

A)The collective unconscious
B)The process of individuation
C)The idea of personality disorders

Question 9

Which of the following was the effect of the Lateran Accords of 1929?

A)They nationalized all church property.
B)They recognized Catholicism as the sole religion of Italy.
C)They marked the Catholic church's official condemnation of the Fascist state.

Question 10

After World War I, Italy took which of the following positions in regard to its participation in the conflict?

A)It was satisfied with the peace agreement, having received all of the territory it demanded.
B)It was the only European state not plagued by inflation.
C)It believed it had been cheated of its just rewards by the other victors.

Question 11

How is Mein Kampf best described?

A)It depicted Hitler's plan to take power through a massive rebellion.
B)It was autobiographical, setting forth Hitler's ideology of Aryan supremacy and anti-Semitism.
C)It excluded any trace of Hitler's anti-Semitism.

Question 12

All of the following are indications of Turkey's adoption of Western culture after World War I EXCEPT which one?

A)The establishment of a democratic system of government
B)The mandate that all Turkish citizens embrace Christianity
C)The creation of a state-run industrial system

Question 13

Efforts to maintain European peace following World War I included which of the following?

A)A three-way alliance between Great Britain, France, and the Weimar Republic
B)The addition of an armed international security force to the League of Nations
C)An inherently weak system of alliances between France and the Little Entente

Question 14

Nazi ideas about appropriate work for women encouraged them to pursue occupations in which of the following fields?

A)Social work
B)Medicine
C)University teaching

Question 15

The physicist Walter Heisenberg was most noted for which of the following?

A)He proposed that certainty about complex physical phenomena was impossible to attain.
B)He was among the first team to split the atom.
C)He resurrected the scientific predictability of classical physics and the universe as mechanism.

Question 16

Which of the following nations was the only Eastern European nation to maintain political democracy throughout the 1930s?

A)Bulgaria
B)Czechoslovakia
C)Poland

Question 17

Women in Mussolini's Fascist Italy experienced which of the following?

A)They were coerced into factory work to aid industrial production.
B)They were regarded as equal to men in social status.
C)They were largely forced through government legislation to become homemakers.

Question 18

How are Hitler's anti-Semitic policies in the 1930s best described?

A)They included the Nuremberg laws, which aimed to achieve the forced emigration of all Jews from Germany.
B)They encouraged open violence during Kristallnacht , resulting in attacks on Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues.
C)Although they denounced Jewish nationalist aspirations, they did not exclude Jews from legal, medical, and teaching positions.

Question 19

The growth of Mussolini's Fascist movement was aided by which of the following?

A)The reaction against Italy's communist government, formed after World War I
B)Popular, nationalistic resentment toward Italy's treatment following World War I
C)Crop failures in 1920 and 1921

Question 20

How are Squadristi in Italy best described?

A)The closest advisors of Mussolini
B)Armed bands of Fascists who used violence to intimidate enemies
C)Elite soldiers of the Fascist state

Question 21

What was the outcome of the Locarno agreement?

Question 22

Artistic and intellectual trends in the interwar years reflected which of the following?

A)A rejection of the avant-garde
B)A disillusionment with Western civilization provoked by the horrors of the World War I
C)Realistic forms of art, as with the Dadaists

Question 23

Which of the following was the dominant form of government in Eastern Europe in the 1920s and 1930s?

A)Authoritarianism
B)Russian Soviet-style Communism
C)Parliamentary democracy

Question 24

What was the effect of World War I on European collective self-confidence?

Question 25

How did the war affect European overseas markets?

Question 26

Culture in Nazi Germany centered around which of the following?

A)The use of modern, abstract forms to reflect Germany's "new order"
B)The functionalism of the Bauhaus school
C)Petty-bourgeois art, with sentimental and realistic scenes glorifying strong, heroic Aryans

Question 27

How is the Dawes Plan best described?

A)It gave formal American approval to the French occupation of the Ruhr valley.
B)It increased Germany's reparation payments in the face of fear Germany would default.
C)It granted a $200 million loan for German recovery.

Question 28

How did civilian economies adjust to postwar conditions?

Question 29

Lenin's New Economic Policy was designed to do which of the following?

A)Increase the production of food and consumer goods
B)Eliminate all private enterprise in Russia
C)Increase production in heavy industry

Question 30

In 1936, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union signed a nonintervention agreement that declared they would not get involved in the Civil War that had erupted in which of the following countries?

A)Portugal
B)Spain
C)Libya

Question 31

Joseph Stalin's emergence as leader of the Communist party was aided by which of the following?

A)Lenin's recommendation that he become sole leader
B)His alliance with Trotsky and the Right in the Politburo
C)His position as general secretary of the Bolshevik party

Question 32

The collectivization of agriculture under Stalin was characterized by which of the following?

A)Failure, and the peasants quickly returned to their private plots
B)Widespread famine
C)The destruction of the collective farms

Question 33

The Dada movement in art was known for all EXCEPT which of the following?

A)An expressed contempt for Western culture
B)An effort to put a clear sense of purpose and ambition back into art and life
C)"Anti-art" and the mockery of all known, traditional forms of artistic expression

Question 34

How is "Strength through Joy" best described?

A)It was one of the most effective Nazi propaganda films to be made by German actors, producers, and directors corrupted by Hitler's ideology.
B)It was Fascist Italy's most popular national recreation agency that encouraged youth participation in paramilitary activities.
C)It was a productivity program that monitored and homogenized the leisure time of the German workers.

Question 35

People living during the Stalinist era in the 1930s experienced which of the following?

A)The decline of industrialization in favor of the collectivization of agriculture
B)Real wages and social conditions for the industrial labor force improve dramatically
C)Arrests of millions of ordinary citizens, who were sent into forced labor camps

Question 36

Among the social policies of the Stalinist era in the Soviet Union were all EXCEPT which of the following?

A)The outlawing of abortion
B)A marked decline in higher education
C)Heavy fines for fathers who did not support their children

Question 37

Following Germany's failure to pay its war reparations, France occupied Germany's Ruhr valley, resulting in which of the following?

A)A policy of passive resistance by the German government and German resort to printing money to pay war debts
B)An alliance concluded between Germany and Russia
C)The election of Raymond Poincaré's French government in 1924

Question 38

Who among the following was the most famous of the Surrealistic painters?

A)Arnold Schonberg
B)Pablo Picasso
C)Salvador Dali

Question 39

Why did U.S. failure to join the League of Nations weaken that body significantly?

Question 40

What was the cause of the Great Depression?

Question 41

Describe Lenin's domestic policy goals.

Question 42

How did the Nazi state seek to involve citizens in its movement?

Question 43

Why did the Spanish Civil War break out?

Question 44

Which of the following was a major cause of the Great Depression in Europe?

A)Weimar Germany's high tariff policies that prohibited trade with other nations
B)The recall of American loans from European markets
C)The underproduction and high prices of agricultural goods in eastern and central Europe

Question 45

What were the central principles of surrealism?

Question 46

Where did Hitler's support come from and why?

Question 47

Describe the U.S. response to the Great Depression.

Question 48

Why did Mussolini garner such support across Italy?

Question 49

How did the Nazi part take control of the German state?

Question 50

Why did so many European states turn to authoritarianism during the interwar period?

Question 51

What is authoritarianism?

Question 52

Which of the following was a significant effect of the Great Depression in Europe?

A)The complete destruction of Communist parties
B)Huge unemployment rates in all nations but Great Britain
C)The rise of dictatorial movements in many areas of Europe

Question 53

How was mass entertainment politicized in the interwar period?

Question 54

What was the U.S. role in helping Germany make reparations payments to France and Britain? How did the issue of reparations increase tensions in Europe after World War I?

Question 55

How did the war affect the Ottoman Empire?

Question 56

Describe Stalin's domestic policy goals.

Question 57

What were Hitler's key beliefs?

Question 58

How did returning soldiers influence European politics, society, and culture?

Question 59

How did Italians respond to postwar conditions?

Question 60

How did the Great Depression become a worldwide phenomenon? What countries did it affect the most?

Question 61

How did authoritarian governments seek to expand their control over its subjects? Did they always rely on coercion? What other methods did they use?

Question 62

How did economic conditions lead to social problems in postwar Europe? Discuss at least two countries in your response.

Question 63

Was coercion or the cultivation of group feeling more important to the rise of the Nazi party?

Question 64

Describe Stalin's rise to power. Why was he able to do so, and what methods did he use to maintain power?

Question 65

How did creative expression of the interwar period reflect the context out of which it came? Discuss at least two example works in your response.

Question 66

Describe Hitler's rise to power. Why was he able to do so, and what methods did he use to maintain power?

Question 67

During the worst year of the depression, 1932, German unemployment stood at what level?

A)80 percent of the workforce
B)65 percent of the workforce
C)45 percent of the workforce

Question 68

Describe Mussolini's rise to power. Why was he able to do so, and what methods did he use to maintain power?

Question 69

Why did so many new postwar states attempt to discourage active participation in politics? Discuss at least two states in your response.

Question 70

Which of the following is correct about the European nations and their colonial empires during the interwar years?

A)Despite World War I, Europeans had greatly expanded their colonial empires.
B)Britain and France had lost much of their colonial territory as League of Nations mandates.
C)The political and social foundations of European imperialism were weakened substantially during the 1920s and 1930s.

Question 71

How did the Spanish Civil War become an international conflict? What effects did this have on the war? What results did it have in Europe more generally?

Question 72

Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal policies in the United States had which of the following effects?

A)They were successful by 1932 and brought about virtual unemployment by 1937.
B)They brought about a partial economic recovery, but full employment did not return until World War II's rearmament.
C)They brought about government ownership of most industries, which lasted well into the 1970s and 1980s.

Question 73

The first Popular Front government in France adopted which of the following policies?

A)It solved the depression by eliminating workers' benefits.
B)It gave ordinary workers new rights and benefits, including a minimum wage.
C)It was able to end the problems of economic depression.

Question 74

What deals did European colonial rulers make with colonial peoples during World War I? To what extent did Europeans honor these deals, and to what extent did they seek to renege on them? What results did this have?

Question 75

Why did fascist movements so heavily engage with new mass media and leisure activities like sport? What was the result?

Question 76

Which had the largest effect on addressing the effects of the Great Depression: the First New Deal or the Second New Deal? Why?