Deck 28: From Conquest to Colonies in Hispanic America

Question 1

The Spanish audiencia was a

A) mine.
B) village.
C) court.
D) farm.
E) plantation.

Answer 1

court.

Question 2

Trace the evolution of plantation agriculture in the European colonies of the Caribbean. What sorts of problems did the owners face? How did they deal with these issues?

Answer 2

Answer not provided.

Question 3

List and describe the Spanish Viceroyalties in America. How were officials selected? Under what conditions did they operate? Explain how the system of government changed over time, and give reasons for that change.

Answer 3

Answer not provided.

Question 4

As the 19^th century approached, criollos living in Latin America began to

A) awaken intellectually and reconnect with their counterparts in Spain.
B) question their perceived second-class status in Spain and conclude that their situation would never revert to what it had been.
C) look to the American and French Revolutions with concern, fearing that those beneath themselves would follow suit.
D) negotiate more equitable trade agreements with the Mother Country.
E) use their new findings of silver as bargaining chips with Spain.

Question 5

Nearly all of the early trade to and from Spanish America was channeled through the port of

A) Acapulco.
B) Barcelona.
C) Valencia.
D) Seville.
E) Cadiz.

Question 6

Cultural and educational matters concerning both Europeans and Indians were handled by

A) the civil governors.
B) the criollos.
C) the caudillos.
D) the missionaries.
E) the bishops.

Question 7

Early exports from the Spanish colonies consisted mainly of

A) handcrafted goods.
B) indigo.
C) sugar.
D) tobacco.
E) precious metals.

Question 8

The encomienda gave Spanish conquerors the right to

A) expropriate land.
B) demand free labor from the natives.
C) convert the natives to Christianity.
D) keep half the gold and silver they mined.
E) all of the above

Question 9

With their capital at Mexico City, the Spanish apparently concluded that

A) they had a good opportunity to explore all of Mexico from east to west.
B) they would probably be able to subdue the Amerindian groups of Patagonia in South America.
C) they had complete ownership of al the gold and silver that was to be found in today's American southwest.
D) the forts of San Francisco and Santa Fe were as far away as they cared to rule.
E) any gold inside Mapuche territory would not be worth fighting that group so far from Spanish headquarters.

Question 10

Describe and evaluate the significance of the Catholic Church to Latin American society. To what degree were the missionaries accepted? How were the missions set up? What sorts of "mixing" of religious beliefs and practices took place?

Question 11

Aside from the growing European market for imports from Spanish colonies, a major reason for the increasing harshness of forced labor was primarily the result of

A) the sheer availability of large amounts of free labor.
B) relaxed attitudes about slavery among the criollos.
C) increased native unrest in the more distant islands.
D) Spanish fears that without slavery the natives would be a continued threat to their economic system.
E) the need for hacienda owners to maintain their elegant lifestyle.

Question 12

Criollos were

A) native-born Iberians in Latin America.
B) Spaniards living in Mexico.
C) missionaries in the outlying areas.
D) local justices.
E) assistants to the viceroys.

Question 13

Describe the main elements involved in the Columbian Exchange, and evaluate the significance of this interchange.

Question 14

Because it was necessary for every person in Brazil to work together for survival and success, the Portuguese colony became

A) class conscious.
B) somewhat egalitarian.
C) despised by Europeans in other colonies.
D) extremely successful.
E) slave-free.

Question 15

Viceroys of Spain and Peru were always

A) capable administrators.
B) Iberian born.
C) criollos.
D) autonomous.
E) inept court favorites.

Question 16

Describe and discuss the actions of Hernán Cortés with regard to the Aztec society he encountered. Evaluate his actions in two ways: first, as they were viewed by his contemporaries, and second, as they appear to us today.

Question 17

The main cash crops exported from the early Spanish colonies were

A) tobacco, indigo, and rice.
B) rice, tobacco, and sugar.
C) sugar, tobacco, and indigo.
D) cotton, indigo, and rice.
E) sugar, rice, and tobacco.

Question 18

Hernán Cortés began the construction of Mexico City with

A) slave labor.
B) labor from the captured Aztecs.
C) help from the troops of Francisco Pizarro.
D) bricks baked in coastal kilns.
E) stones from pyramids he had destroyed.

Question 19

Spanish exploration in the Caribbean was dominated by

A) the need for markets.
B) a search for resources.
C) the search for treasure.
D) the desire for land.
E) the need to expand their world empire.

Question 20

The fabled American "mountain of silver" was located at

A) Lima.
B) Potosí.
C) Teotehuicán.
D) Mexico City.
E) Buenos Aires.

Question 21

The reforms of King Charles III

A) abolished encomiendas.
B) established free public education.
C) increased the collection of taxes.
D) eliminated free trade.
E) brought local people into viceregal government.

Question 22

Brazil, a colony of ____________________ began as a\an ____________________.

Question 23

Which of these were main features of the colonial system?

A) Viceroyalties and cabildos
B) Democratic elections
C) Free trade among the viceroyalties
D) The predominance of small farms owned by mulattos
E) Separation of church and civil government

Question 24

At the bottom of the social pyramid in the Spanish colonies were

A) African Americans.
B) mestizos.
C) castas.
D) Indians.
E) unmarried women.

Question 25

In the early colonial period, the greatest amount of silver was extracted from ____________________, and the second largest amount came from mines just north of ____________________ ____________________.

Question 26

Which of these took place under the Bourbon leadership of King Charles III in Spain?

A) The military and the navy were neglected.
B) Jesuit missionaries were banished from the empire.
C) The four Spanish American viceroyalties were reduced to two.
D) Smuggling increased.
E) Officials began to be selected from criollos more often.

Question 27

For New Spain, the last of the 17^th century and the first part of the 18^th was a time of

A) cautious optimism.
B) disturbance and rebellion.
C) reconciliation and rebirth.
D) decline and stagnation.
E) strong growth.

Question 28

After conquering the Aztecs in 1521, Cortés began the construction of ____________________ ____________________ with stone from destroyed pyramids.

Question 29

The colonial mestizos

A) were not exempt from taxation and the Inquisition.
B) were never nomadic horsemen.
C) served as links between the Indian and Spanish populations.
D) were encouraged to attend university.
E) could be military officers.

Question 30

It is estimated that about one-third of the silver bullion taken out of the colonies by Spain ended up

A) paying for a war with France.
B) going to the Catholic church.
C) going to China to pay for silk and porcelain.
D) in the hands of the Spanish government.
E) causing a long-lasting, world-wide inflation.

Question 31

When rounded up and moved into Spanish towns, local Indians

A) refused to the point of death converting to Christianity.
B) often became victims of the Inquisition.
C) learned to read and write and began to assimilate into the dominant society.
D) were sometimes captured and taken as slaves to the plantations of Brazil.
E) were treated as perpetual children, and so were taught Christianity and handcrafts.

Question 32

It would be most accurate to describe the attitudes and actions of the peninsulares and criollos toward each other as

A) jealous and disrespectful.
B) admiring but envious.
C) angry and aloof.
D) resentful but realistically accepting.
E) cognizant of their equality.

Question 33

____________________ were native-born Iberians living in Latin America.

Question 34

The encomienda gave Spanish conquerors the right to demand ____________________ ____________________ from the natives as a reward for exploration.

Question 35

Tupac Amaru led an almost-successful rebellion in what place?

A) Mexico
B) Saint Domingue
C) Cuba
D) Haiti
E) Peru

Question 36

Indians who converted to Christianity had a special feeling for the Virgin Mary, who they viewed as

A) the perfect matriarchal figure.
B) similar to their earth goddess.
C) a mother for them, as well.
D) someone who would protect their children.
E) a beautiful priestess.

Question 37

Which of the following factors helped bring about the rapid fall of both the Aztec and Inca empires?

A) The Indians thought Cortés and Pizarro were devils.
B) The conquistadores bribed Moctezuma and Atahualpa to betray their people.
C) The conquistadores lost their Indian allies against the emperors.
D) The Indians had steel weapons capable of killing an armored horseman.
E) Masses of Indians died or were weakened by foreign diseases.

Question 38

The slave rebellion led by Toussaint L'Ouverture

A) ended the French domination of Haiti.
B) made a lasting impression on many people on both sides of the slavery issue.
C) resulted in the execution of L'Ouverture.
D) both a and b
E) both a and c

Question 39

Which of the following was true of social life in late 18^th century Latin America?

A) Criollos spent less time on intellectual pursuits than did peninsulares.
B) While they read mostly religious literature, the Spaniards also obtained access to some of the Inquisition's banned books.
C) Women usually preferred religious tracts to novels.
D) The social life of a city's elite citizens was fast-paced, with many outings and festivals.
E) Third and fourth children of the criollos often entered monasteries and convents, where they lived out their lives in small rooms, without seeing their families again.

Question 40

Which of the following was most descriptive of women's situation in the Spanish colonies?

A) Daughters of peninsulares usually married sons of peninsulares.
B) Few high-born young women had access to higher education.
C) Women who did not marry hat to enter convents.
D) Spanish women in the colonies had more freedom and independence than their counterparts in Spain.
E) Wealthy widows had a great deal of freedom and usually handled their own financial affairs.

Question 41

In a legal sense, both ____________________ and ____________________ were considered Spanish, but the ____________________ considered themselves superior.

Question 42

Haitian slaves gained freedom after a revolt led by ____________________ ____________________, an ex-slave.

Question 43

The first monarch to attempt real reform in the Indies colonies was ____________________ ____________________ of Spain.

Question 44

The audiencia handled both ____________________ and ____________________ for Spain within the provinces.

Question 45

The ____________________ were rural plantation-villages with a somewhat free wage labor.