Deck 29: The Scientific Revolution and Its Enlightened Aftermath

Question 1

How did the Middle Ages and the Renaissance lay the foundations for the new science?

Answer 1

Answer not provided.

Question 2

A perception of pantheism may be most readily found in the philosophic writings of

A) Descartes.
B) Rousseau.
C) Spinoza.
D) Bacon.
E) Pascal.

Answer 2

Spinoza.

Question 3

How revolutionary was the Scientific Revolution? Define and explain.

Answer 3

Answer not provided.

Question 4

Whose work contributed most to removing Aristotle from his revered position as the master physicist?

A) Copernicus
B) Galileo
C) Newton
D) Descartes
E) Brahe

Question 5

What was the "Science of Man"? Compare Renaissance values with those of the Enlightenment.

Question 6

Interpreting the results of experiments based on observation would describe

A) the Socratic method.
B) the Descartes plan.
C) deductive reasoning.
D) the scientific method.
E) inductive reasoning.

Question 7

The scientist who spent his last years under house arrest over his discoveries was

A) Copernicus.
B) Newton.
C) Brahe.
D) Galileo.
E) Descartes.

Question 8

John Locke believed

A) that humans can learn from their environment and improve their lives.
B) in the concept of original sin.
C) that checks and balances were important in government.
D) that his destiny was to steer England through the rough waters of the Glorious Revolution.
E) that governmental reform was more important than scientific discovery.

Question 9

Trace the progress of the new science from Copernicus to Newton.

Question 10

Perhaps the most important factor in Europe's gaining of new knowledge about the world in the 16^th century was

A) Europeans' insatiable curiosity.
B) an improved understanding of astronomy.
C) an enormous leap in mathematical capabilities.
D) the reports of explorers in the New World.
E) new geographic information.

Question 11

One could extrapolate from the text that the study of alchemy was often practiced in

A) monasteries.
B) observatories.
C) convents.
D) private homes.
E) medieval universities.

Question 12

The Enlightenment is distinguished most emphatically in its faith in

A) Divine Providence.
B) democracy.
C) the aristocracy.
D) perfectibility.
E) absolutism.

Question 13

During the growth of the study of mathematics-based science, philosophy was considered

A) redundant.
B) secondary.
C) extremely important.
D) nonsensical.
E) rational.

Question 14

After the Thirty Years' War, people's thoughts and studies began to turn again to

A) religion.
B) government.
C) science.
D) economic gain.
E) exploration.

Question 15

In what ways did science and religion conflict with each other? In what ways were they complementary?

Question 16

Newton's major contributions occurred in the field of

A) astronomy.
B) education.
C) Bible studies.
D) physics.
E) geometry.

Question 17

Inductive reasoning, first developed by Frances Bacon, required that one

A) gather data and then make generalizations.
B) consistently and carefully observe phenomena before developing any generalizations or preconceived ideas.
C) observe with one's senses and then develop one or more hypotheses.
D) make some basic assumptions and then perform experiments to see if they are valid.
E) observe, experiment, test, and then present newly verified information to the world.

Question 18

Heliocentrism was first advanced by

A) Copernicus.
B) Brahe.
C) Galileo.
D) Kepler.
E) Newton.

Question 19

The scientific developments of the Enlightenment period had the greatest impact on

A) religious scholars.
B) the highly educated.
C) city dwellers.
D) peasants.
E) explorers.

Question 20

The two most basic characteristics of the Enlightenment were

A) science and religion.
B) democracy and freedom.
C) optimism and rationality.
D) faith and prayer.
E) science and optimism.

Question 21

In her famous treatise, Vindication on the Rights of Woman , Mary Wollstonecraft

A) urged society to allow women to fulfill their sexual needs, thus becoming one of the early advocates of "free love."
B) pushed for equal rights for women, becoming, in actuality, the founder of feminism.
C) spoke out so harshly against the writings of the male philosophes that her work was banned in France.
D) argued that women were as intelligent as men, and was devastated when it appeared that not even women cared to hear what she had to say.
E) described women as "slaves," thus alienating the very audience she was trying to reach.

Question 22

Which is the truest statement of philosophe beliefs?

A) Sin is the leading cause of human misery.
B) Government should have a strong executive power.
C) All humans are equal in social and political rights.
D) Ignorance is the major cause of inhumanity.
E) Most people are capable of ruling if taught the way.

Question 23

All of the ideals of the philosophes flowed together in the concept of

A) happiness.
B) reform.
C) reason.
D) progress.
E) liberty.

Question 24

By the end of the 17^th century, educated Europeans were generally

A) ready to abandon the search for a more intelligible natural science.
B) considering applying the scientific method to the study of humans.
C) impelled toward atheism by the conflicts between religion and science.
D) abandoning Bacon's empiricism for Descartes' inductive reasoning.
E) returning to religion as the center of their universe.

Question 25

In the realm of education, the most influential philosophe was

A) Rousseau.
B) Voltaire.
C) Condorcet.
D) Descartes.
E) Diderot.

Question 26

Denis Diderot and Jean d'Alembert accomplished the editing of the

Question 27

The First Amendment to the United States Constitution was the first concrete example of ____________________ between religion and government.

Question 28

The Science of Man, well developed by the 18^th century, has now become known as ____________________ ____________________.

Question 29

It would be most accurate to describe Adam Smith's economic writing as promoting

A) mercantilism.
B) absolutely no government interference with business.
C) more education for the consumer.
D) as little government intervention in business as possible.
E) an increase in the variety of goods and services available to the public.

Question 30

The majority of the philosophes would probably have been somewhat surprised to learn that their discussions would soon lead to

A) massive educational reform.
B) renewed religious upheaval.
C) major political revolutions.
D) extensive economic revisions.
E) cultural chaos.

Question 31

____________________ is the downgrading of all that is religious or miraculous.

Question 32

A common denominator among the Enlightenment thinkers was

A) the belief in democracy.
B) an affinity for atheism.
C) a commitment to reform.
D) support for empirical research.
E) their hesitancy in disagreeing with each other.

Question 33

The most significant 18^th century economic thinker was

A) Locke.
B) Hume.
C) Adams.
D) Rousseau.
E) Smith.

Question 34

Newton made his greatest contribution to the world by

A) insisting that the physical world had rational, lawful principles.
B) discovering and enunciating the law of gravity.
C) encouraging young scientists to continue to think and experiment.
D) convincing many people to give up their superstitious beliefs.
E) describing the way in which governments of the world could function rationally.

Question 35

____________________ ____________________ was the leading political spokesperson cited during England's Glorious Revoluton.

Question 36

The most comprehensive literary work of the Enlightenment period was

A) The Spirit of the Laws.
B) Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
C) The Social Contract.
D) The Encyclopedie.
E) Wealth of Nations.

Question 37

Which of these elements would Enlightenment philosophes have found to be of least value?

A) process
B) religion
C) invention
D) education
E) rationalism

Question 38

Enlightenment reformers believed that the leaders of most rigidly organized religious groups had as their main purpose

A) obtaining money from unsuspecting people.
B) convincing good people that they were filled with sin because of the original sin of Adam and Eve.
C) preventing people from listening to what reformers had to say.
D) frightening people into following established church laws.
E) hiding the truth - that people could reason out what they believed for themselves, without help from church authorities.

Question 39

Although the beliefs of the philosophes diverged in many ways, they all were known to profess that government must

A) be truly representative.
B) have constitutions with or without monarchs.
C) grant social equality to all its people.
D) place checks and balances on their various branches of government.
E) protect the private property of citizens.

Question 40

Newton's concept of the universe is often described as

A) an apparent order that cannot be comprehended by humans.
B) an incoherent agglomeration of unrelated phenomena.
C) a mirage of order that exists only in the human mind.
D) a machine of perfect order and laws.
E) complete chaos.

Question 41

____________________ ____________________ became associated with inductive reasoning and the empirical method.

Question 42

More than anything else, the faith in ____________________ is the distinguishing innovation of the Enlightenment.

Question 43

Jean Jacques Rousseau criticized ____________________ as a failure.

Question 44

Baruch Spinoza rejected the idea of a personal ____________________, rather seeing God in all ____________________.

Question 45

Adam Smith's ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ promoted the gospel of free trade and minimal governmental interference in business.