Deck 17: Nutrition for Cardiopulmonary Diseases

Question 1

A dietary change that is likely to have a significant effect on reducing the risk of coronary heart disease is

A) snacking on tortilla chips instead of peanuts.
B) drinking decaffeinated coffee instead of regular coffee.
C) switching from cornflakes to oatmeal for breakfast.
D) choosing a fast-food fish sandwich instead of a hamburger.

Answer 1

C
Switching from cornflakes to oatmeal for breakfast is likely to have a significant effect on reducing risk of coronary heart disease because this change will increase intake of soluble fiber.Snacking on tortilla chips instead of peanuts would increase intake of polyunsaturated fat and decrease intake of monounsaturated fat,which would probably not affect LDL cholesterol levels and may decrease HDL cholesterol levels.Drinking decaffeinated coffee instead of regular coffee is not beneficial for most people.Choosing a fast-food fish sandwich instead of a hamburger could result in increased total fat intake because the fish is fried;intake of saturated and unsaturated fats depends on the fat used for frying and any sauces added.

Question 2

For a person who is implementing therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLCs)to reduce his or her risk of coronary heart disease,the best salad choice would be

A) coleslaw.
B) mixed greens with olive oil vinaigrette and walnuts.
C) sliced tomatoes with basil vinaigrette and feta cheese.
D) fruit salad with yogurt dressing and coconut.

Answer 2

B
TLC recommendations include focusing on sources of monounsaturated fat,such as olive oil and walnuts,and decreasing intake of saturated fat.Coleslaw contains mayonnaise,which is likely to be made with an oil high in polyunsaturated fat;the kind of oil in basil vinaigrette is uncertain,and feta cheese contains saturated fats.Yogurt dressing is not high in fat,but any fat it does contain is saturated;coconut also contains saturated fat.

Question 3

A serum triglyceride level of 175 mg/dL is considered

A) normal.
B) borderline high.
C) high.
D) very high.

Answer 3

B
A serum triglyceride level of 175 mg/dL is considered borderline high.Serum triglyceride levels lower than 150 mg/dL are considered normal;levels of 150 to 199 mg/dL,borderline high;levels of 200 to 499 mg/dL,high;and levels in excess of 500 mg/dL,very high.

Question 4

If a patient has a family history of cardiovascular disease and is concerned about his own level of risk,the most useful measurements would be

A) serum sodium and glucose levels.
B) blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.
C) serum total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)cholesterol levels.
D) serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)cholesterol levels.

Question 5

Primary or essential hypertension is caused by

A) unknown factors.
B) sedentary lifestyle.
C) excess sodium intake.
D) being overweight or obese.

Question 6

A patient who would be likely to have elevated serum triglyceride levels is a(n)

A) single mother who works full-time and eats only two meals a day.
B) teenager taking antibiotics during recovery from a streptococcal infection.
C) overweight man who drinks three alcoholic beverages a day.
D) young man infected with hepatitis A virus.

Question 7

In a 55-year-old woman,an LDL cholesterol level of 195 mg/dL would be considered

A) normal.
B) borderline high.
C) high.
D) very high.

Question 8

In the United States,most dietary sodium comes from

A) salt added at the table.
B) sodium naturally present in foods.
C) salt added to foods during cooking.
D) salt added to foods during processing.

Question 9

If a patient's blood pressure is 152/94 mm Hg,he or she has

A) normal blood pressure.
B) prehypertension.
C) stage 1 hypertension.
D) stage 2 hypertension.

Question 10

The primary goal of therapy to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease is to lower serum levels of _____ cholesterol.

A) total
B) LDL
C) HDL
D) very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)

Question 11

If gangrene develops in a patient's foot and the patient is found to have high blood lipid levels,he or she probably has

A) type 2 diabetes mellitus.
B) peripheral artery disease.
C) angina pectoris.
D) fatty liver disease.

Question 12

Of the following,the most helpful change to decrease blood LDL cholesterol levels would be to

A) eat oatmeal instead of a bagel for breakfast.
B) use fresh rather than canned vegetables.
C) use margarine instead of butter.
D) eat a salad instead of a sandwich for lunch.

Question 13

The main purpose of nutrition therapy for patients who have just experienced a myocardial infarction is to decrease

A) blood pressure.
B) the risk of blood clotting.
C) LDL cholesterol levels.
D) the workload of the heart.

Question 14

The first step in therapy to reduce the risk for coronary heart disease is

A) therapeutic lifestyle change.
B) stress reduction.
C) use of LDL cholesterol-lowering medications.
D) use of antithrombotic medications.

Question 15

If a patient had a myocardial infarction on Monday,by Thursday he or she should be eating

A) a clear liquid diet.
B) mostly cold foods.
C) small,frequent meals.
D) three moderate meals a day.

Question 16

If a patient has a thrombosis in a cerebral artery,he or she would experience

A) a stroke.
B) a migraine headache.
C) a heart attack.
D) angina pectoris.

Question 17

An example of a dietary change that may help decrease risk of hypertension is

A) eating oatmeal instead of toast and honey.
B) eating popcorn instead of pretzels.
C) using olive oil instead of butter.
D) drinking skim milk instead of soda.

Question 18

If a patient has an initial LDL cholesterol level of 180 mg/dL and implements TLC dietary changes,and if after 6 weeks the serum LDL cholesterol level has decreased only to 165 mg/dL,the patient should

A) continue TLC dietary changes for a total of 3 months.
B) follow the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)diet pattern.
C) begin drug therapy with a bile acid sequestrant.
D) begin drug therapy with statins.

Question 19

A patient with high serum LDL cholesterol levels tells you that he usually eats a granola bar and a cup of coffee on the way to work;eats a grilled cheese sandwich and chips for lunch;eats a home-cooked meal for dinner,which is usually a chicken dish with potatoes or pasta and frozen vegetables;and snacks on popcorn and pretzels.The most beneficial change for him to make to lower his LDL cholesterol levels would be to

A) use fresh instead of frozen vegetables.
B) drink decaffeinated instead of regular coffee.
C) eat unsalted pretzels and popcorn.
D) eat a turkey sandwich with 100% whole-grain bread instead of grilled cheese.

Question 20

If a middle-aged man has high blood pressure,has a sedentary lifestyle,is about 30 pounds overweight,eats mostly processed food,and drinks two alcoholic beverages most days,the most effective way for him to lower his blood pressure is to

A) reduce his sodium intake.
B) achieve and maintain a healthy weight.
C) participate in aerobic exercise every day.
D) abstain from drinking alcoholic beverages.

Question 21

If a patient with COPD normally eats a sandwich for lunch and wants to decrease his or her respiratory quotient (RQ),he or she could

A) add extra mayonnaise and remove some of the bread.
B) remove the cheese and add lettuce and tomato.
C) add extra lean meat and use mustard instead of mayonnaise.
D) use whole-grain bread and add spinach.

Question 22

If a ventilator-dependent patient with acute respiratory failure does not receive sufficient protein and energy from enteral feedings,the most serious consequence is that the

A) chest muscles may not be strong enough for weaning from the ventilator.
B) patient will lose muscle tone.
C) gut will lose integrity,and bacterial translocation may occur.
D) patient may develop essential fatty acid deficiency.

Question 23

When using parenteral nutrition support for patients with acute respiratory failure,it is important to avoid use of high glucose concentrations because

A) glucose tolerance is often impaired.
B) they may cause hypersecretion of insulin.
C) they increase RQ.
D) they may lead to development of diabetes mellitus.

Question 24

The best time to begin to adopt heart-healthy eating habits is during

A) childhood,to establish a lifelong healthy lifestyle.
B) adolescence,because most teenagers have poor eating habits.
C) young adulthood,once development is complete.
D) middle adulthood,when coronary heart disease begins to develop.

Question 25

Most patients with cystic fibrosis require a

A) low-fat,low-energy diet and hormone replacement therapy.
B) high-fiber diet,supplements of water-soluble vitamins,and diuretics.
C) high-protein diet,sodium restriction,and supplements of fat-soluble vitamins.
D) high-kilocalorie diet,multivitamin supplements,and enzyme replacement therapy.

Question 26

For an infant with cystic fibrosis,the greatest concern would be if the mother wanted to

A) bottle feed her infant with formula.
B) pump breast milk and bottle feed the infant.
C) breastfeed without using enzyme supplements.
D) employ a nanny to care for the child during the day.

Question 27

Compared with a comparable regular food,a food product that claims to be "light" must contain _____% fewer kilocalories,or _____% less fat.

A) 25;75
B) 33;33
C) 33;50
D) 50;33

Question 28

If a patient with congestive heart failure tells you that he or she is being careful to eat high-protein foods throughout the day,you would also want to encourage him or her to

A) include food sources of potassium,calcium,and magnesium.
B) ensure that his or her overall energy intake is adequate.
C) use oils rich in essential fatty acids.
D) increase the fluid intake to 3 L per day.

Question 29

If a patient with cystic fibrosis has diarrhea and is losing weight,it would be most important to evaluate whether the

A) pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy is adequate.
B) patient has developed an eating disorder.
C) patient is drinking adequate fluids to maintain good hydration.
D) patient is struggling with loss of appetite.

Question 30

If a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)has lost 30 lb in a year and now weighs 132 lb (60 kg),the amount of protein they would need to replenish their protein stores is _____ g/day.

A) 48 to 60
B) 72 to 114
C) 96 to 150
D) 120 to 180

Question 31

The patient who benefit most from a sodium restriction of 2000 mg/day is one with

A) severe heart failure.
B) stage 1 hypertension.
C) cystic fibrosis.
D) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Question 32

One of the most important strategies for coping with the reality of a serious chronic disease such as cystic fibrosis is

A) having a sense of humor.
B) avoiding talking about it.
C) making friends only with others who have the same disease.
D) making friends only with others who do not have the same disease.