Deck 35: Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Question 1

Which of the following plants are annuals?

A) azaleas
B) roses
C) blueberries
D) wheat

Answer 1

D

Question 2

________ is a relatively indigestible strengthening polymer that accounts for more than a quarter of the dry mass of wood.

A) Cellulose
B) Starch
C) Lignin
D) None of these choices

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant?

A) parenchyma cells
B) collenchyma cells
C) sclerenchyma cells
D) tracheids and vessel elements

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell division?

A) a parenchyma cell near the root tip
B) a functional sieve tube element
C) a tracheid
D) a stem fiber

Question 5

Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity?

A) secondary xylem
B) leaves
C) dermal tissue
D) secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers

Question 6

The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the ________.

A) cortex
B) stele
C) periderm
D) pith

Question 7

Leaf thickness represents a trade-off between ________.

A) light collection and carbon dioxide absorption
B) water retention and carbon dioxide absorption
C) water retention and oxygen absorption
D) light collection and oxygen absorption

Question 8

Which of the following is correctly paired with its structure and function?

A) sclerenchyma-supporting cells with thick secondary walls
B) ground meristem-protective coat of woody stems and roots
C) guard cells-waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in roots
D) periderm-parenchyma cells functioning in photosynthesis in leaves

Question 9

Some of the largest leaves in the world can be found on plants near the floor of dense tropical rain forests. Which of the following precursors for photosynthesis is most likely limited in these large leaves?

A) oxygen
B) carbon dioxide
C) glucose
D) light

Question 10

Onion leaves have been modified for the purpose of ________.

A) defense (protect from predators)
B) storage
C) support
D) reproduction

Question 11

Which structure is correctly paired with its tissue system?

A) root hair-vascular tissue
B) guard cell-vascular tissue
C) companion cell-ground tissue
D) tracheid-vascular tissue

Question 12

An axillary bud in the stem can potentially form a ________ in a variety of plants based on evolutionary adaptations.

A) lateral branch
B) thorn
C) flower
D) lateral branch, thorn, and flower

Question 13

Plant meristematic cells ________.

A) are distributed evenly in all tissues throughout the plant
B) are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells
C) increase the surface area of dermal tissue by developing root hairs
D) subdivide into three distinct cell types named parenchyma, ground meristem, and procambium

Question 14

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that ________.

A) only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem
B) root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not
C) a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots
D) vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves
E) leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not

Question 15

Strawberries have modified horizontal shoots growing along the surface, which are referred to as ________.

A) rhizomes
B) tubers
C) stolons
D) rhizoids

Question 16

Prop roots are the modified aerial adventitious roots of corn that ________.

A) enable the root system to obtain oxygen
B) support tall, top-heavy plants
C) enable the root system to anchor
D) wrap around other plants to support tall, top-heavy plants

Question 17

Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?

A) root cap
B) root hairs
C) the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem
D) storage roots

Question 18

Which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances?

A) parenchyma cells
B) sclerenchyma cells
C) tracheids and vessel elements
D) sieve-tube elements

Question 19

When you eat Brussels sprouts, you are eating ________.

A) immature flowers
B) large axillary buds
C) petioles
D) storage leaves

Question 20

Which of the following are water-conducting cells that are dead at functional maturity?

A) parenchyma cells
B) collenchyma cells
C) tracheids and vessel elements
D) sieve-tube elements

Question 21

What is present in a shoot apical meristem region?
I)the region of cell division
II)immature buds and leaves
III)cells that will give rise to the protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium

A) only I
B) only II
C) only III
D) I, II, and III

Question 22

Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity?

A) secondary xylem
B) leaves
C) trichomes
D) tubers

Question 23

A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are they?

A) parenchyma
B) endodermis
C) collenchyma
D) sclerenchyma

Question 24

You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section. What do you conclude about the plant?

A) It is probably an herbaceous eudicot.
B) It will probably get annual rings of wood.
C) It is probably a monocot.
D) It could be either a young eudicot or a monocot.

Question 25

In a meristematic region, the cell plate during mitosis is perpendicular to the side of the stem. In what direction will the stem grow?

A) laterally in width
B) vertically in height
C) at a 45-degree angle from the ground
D) away from the sun

Question 26

Monocot vascular bundles do not have a vascular cambium between the xylem and phloem. This means that monocots ________.

A) are much less efficient at conducting water and sugars
B) have very thin stems
C) do not produce wood in annual rings
D) cannot produce lateral shoots

Question 27

Which of the following can be used to determine a twig's age?

A) number of apical bud scar rings
B) number of leaf scars
C) number and arrangement of axillary buds
D) length of internodes

Question 28

As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail?

A) 0.5
B) 1.5
C) 3.0
D) 15.0

Question 29

Apical meristems of dicots are at the tips of stems. Apical meristems of grasses are at ground level or slightly below, concealed by the leaves. What does this mean when considering care of a lawn or soccer field?

A) If you mow right at ground level, the leaves can keep growing with no problem.
B) Grass mowed two inches above ground level grows at a slower rate compared to grass mowed three inches above the ground level.
C) If you mow two inches above ground level, most apical meristems will be cut down.
D) If you mow two inches above ground level, the apical meristem can keep producing new cells.

Question 30

Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more possible?

A) increased delivery of water to the aboveground stem
B) decreased absorption of mineral nutrients
C) increased absorption of carbon dioxide.
D) effective lateral growth of the stem

Question 31

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the zones in the primary growth of a root, moving from the root cap inward?

A) zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of differentiation
B) zone of differentiation, zone of elongation, zone of cell division
C) zone of elongation, zone of cell division, zone of differentiation
D) zone of cell division, zone of differentiation, zone of elongation

Question 32

The following question is based on the drawings of root or stem cross sections shown in the figure.

Refer to the figure. A plant that is at least three years old is represented by ________.

A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) IV only

Question 33

The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is primarily ________.

A) continuous cell division in the root cap at the tip of the root
B) continuous cell division just behind the root cap in the center of the apical meristem
C) elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem
D) continuous cell division of root cap cells

Question 34

Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots?

A) endodermis
B) phloem
C) epidermis
D) pericycle

Question 35

A plant that grows one year, dies back, and then grows again the following year, produces flowers, and then dies would be considered ________.

A) annual
B) biennial
C) perennial
D) not very fit

Question 36

The following question is based on the drawings of root or stem cross sections shown in the figure.

Refer to the figure. A woody eudicot is represented by ________.

A) II only
B) III only
C) IV only
D) I and III

Question 37

The following question is based on the drawings of root or stem cross sections shown in the figure.

Refer to the figure. A monocot stem is represented by ________.

A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) IV only

Question 38

Cells produced by lateral meristems are known as ________.

A) dermal and ground tissue
B) lateral tissues
C) pith
D) secondary tissues

Question 39

Compared to most animals, the growth of most plant structure is best described as ________.

A) perennial
B) weedy
C) indeterminate
D) primary

Question 40

Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to ________.

A) cell division at the shoot apical meristem
B) cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem
C) cell elongation localized in each internode
D) cell division at the shoot apical meristem and cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem

Question 41

If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exited from the middle of the trunk (stem)outward, you would cross, in order, ________.

A) the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark
B) the secondary xylem, cork cambium, phloem, and periderm
C) the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem
D) the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium

Question 42

What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree?

A) primary xylem
B) secondary xylem
C) secondary phloem
D) vascular cambium

Question 43

The bark of a tree trunk is made up of ________.

A) heart wood and sap wood
B) heart wood
C) secondary phloem
D) secondary phloem and layers of periderm

Question 44

The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase is often revealed by ________.

A) a change in the morphology of the leaves produced
B) the initiation of secondary growth
C) a change in the orientation of preprophase bands and cytoplasmic microtubules in lateral meristems
D) the activation of floral meristem identity genes

Question 45

Growth and development of plant parts involves ________.
I)cell division to produce new cells
II)enlargement and elongation of cells
III)specialization of cells into tissues

A) only I
B) only II
C) only III
D) I, II, and III

Question 46

The secondary mesophyll of leaves is made up of ________.

A) parenchyma tissue
B) collenchyma tissue
C) sclerenchyma tissue
D) parenchyma and collenchyma tissues

Question 47

The following diagram is of a cross section of a plant leaf. Use the diagram to answer the question.

The main function associated with structure Y is ________.

A) absorption of carbon dioxide
B) retention of water
C) collection of light
D) release of carbon dioxide

Question 48

A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant?

A) herbaceous eudicot
B) woody eudicot
C) woody monocot
D) herbaceous monocot

Question 49

Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells?

A) vascular cambium
B) apical meristem
C) endodermis
D) xylem

Question 50

Totipotency is a term used to describe a cell's ability to give rise to a complete new organism. In plants, this means that ________.

A) plant development is not under genetic control
B) the cells of shoots and the cells of roots have different genes
C) cell differentiation depends largely on the control of gene expression
D) a cell's environment has no effect on its differentiation

Question 51

The innermost layer of the root cortex is the

A) core.
B) pericycle.
C) endodermis.
D) pith.

Question 52

Of the following plants, which stem has scattered vascular bundles?

A) corn
B) magnolia
C) chrysanthemum
D) hibiscus

Question 53

The following diagram is of a cross section of a plant leaf. Use the diagram to answer the question.

The main function associated with structure X is ________.

A) absorption of carbon dioxide
B) retention of water
C) collection of light
D) release of carbon dioxide

Question 54

The polarity of a plant is established when ________.

A) cotyledons form at the shoot end of the embryo
B) the shoot-root axis is established in the embryo
C) the primary root breaks through the seed coat
D) the shoot first breaks through the soil into the light as the seed germinates

Question 55

Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of

A) cell differentiation.
B) morphogenesis.
C) cell division.
D) cell elongation.

Question 56

Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decline is most analogous to a human ________.

A) breathing faster as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase
B) putting more red blood cells into circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels decline
C) removing red blood cells from circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels increase
D) increasing the volume of its lungs when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase

Question 57

Heartwood and sapwood consist of ________.

A) periderm
B) secondary xylem
C) secondary phloem
D) cork

Question 58

Where is primary growth occurring in an old tree?

A) closest to ground level at the base of the tree
B) in young branches where leaves are forming
C) where the vascular cambium and cork cambium are located
D) Nowhere; trees more than a year old have only secondary growth.

Question 59

A lateral root originates in the ________.

A) pericycle
B) cortex
C) endodermis
D) epidermis

Question 60

The veins of leaves are ________.
I)composed of xylem and phloem
II)continuous, with vascular bundles in the stem and roots
III)finely branched to be in close contact with photosynthesizing cells

A) only I
B) only II
C) only III
D) I, II, and III

Question 61

Which of the following would not be seen in a cross section through the woody part of a root?

A) sclerenchyma cells
B) parenchyma cells
C) sieve-tube elements
D) root hairs

Question 62

The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase is often revealed by

A) a change in the morphology of the leaves produced.
B) the initiation of secondary growth.
C) the formation of lateral roots.
D) the activation of floral meristem identity genes.

Question 63

Which of the following arise(s), directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity?

A) secondary xylem
B) leaves
C) dermal tissue
D) all of the above

Question 64

Heartwood and sapwood consist of

A) bark.
B) periderm.
C) secondary xylem.
D) secondary phloem.

Question 65

Suppose a flower had normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls. Based on the ABC hypothesis, what would be the structure of that flower, starting at the outermost whorl?

A) carpel-petal-petal-carpel
B) petal-petal-stamen-stamen
C) sepal-carpel-carpel-sepal
D) sepal-sepal-carpel-carpel