Deck 4: Effects of Initial Exposure to Radiation

Question 1

In the _____ stage, the person becomes noticeably ill and shows signs and symptoms of the specific syndrome reflecting the organ system which is damaged.

A) prodromal
B) latent
C) manifest
D) recovery or death

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The formation of cataracts caused by radiation is termed

A) erythema
B) keratoconus
C) radiation cataractogenesis
D) retinopathy

Answer 2

C

Question 3

For the acute radiation syndrome, in the 600-10,000 R range, death is mostly the result of damage to the _____ system.

A) hemopoietic
B) gastrointestinal
C) central nervous
D) lymphatic

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Response stages with the acute radiation syndrome include the following:
1. prodromal stage
2. latent stage
3. manifest stage
4. recovery or death

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 4 only
D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Question 5

In the _____ stage, the person appears to be symptom-free.

A) prodromal
B) latent
C) manifest
D) recovery or death

Question 6

The acute radiation syndrome includes the following:
1. bone marrow syndrome
2. gastrointestinal syndrome
3. central nervous syndrome

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 1 and 3 only
C) 2 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

Question 7

The skin erythema dose necessary to affect 50% of the people irradiated is termed

A) LD 50/30
B) LD 50/60
C) SED50
D) SED100

Question 8

In the _____ stage, the person experiences nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

A) prodromal
B) latent
C) manifest
D) recovery or death

Question 9

Abnormal redness of the skin due to irradiation is termed

A) desquamation
B) erythema
C) epilation
D) sebaceous

Question 10

The lethal dose required to kill 50% of the population in 30 days is the definition of

A) LD 20/20
B) LD 50/30
C) LD 50/50
D) LD 50/60

Question 11

Radiation sickness, known as _____, is a serious illness that occurs when the entire body receives a high dose of radiation, usually over a short period of time.

A) mortality rate
B) relative biologic effectiveness (RBE)
C) acute radiation syndrome
D) linear energy transfer (LET)

Question 12

The correct order of the layers of skin, from outermost to innermost, is

A) epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous
B) epidermis, subcutaneous, dermis
C) subcutaneous, dermis, epidermis
D) subcutaneous, epidermis, dermis

Question 13

For the acute radiation syndrome, at doses greater than 10,000 R, death is mostly the result of damage to the _____ system.

A) hemopoietic
B) gastrointestinal
C) central nervous
D) muscular

Question 14

For the acute radiation syndrome, in the 100-1,000 R range, death is mostly the result of damage to the _____ system.

A) hemopoietic
B) gastrointestinal
C) central nervous
D) integumentary

Question 15

The peeling off of skin caused by irradiation is termed

A) desquamation
B) erythema
C) epilation
D) epidermis

Question 16

The SED50 is estimated to be approximately _____ rad.

A) 6
B) 60
C) 600
D) 6,000

Question 17

The shrinking of tissues or organs due to irradiation is termed

A) epidermis
B) erythema
C) atrophy
D) desquamation

Question 18

Redness and swelling at the site of radiation exposure is termed

A) atrophy
B) epilation
C) desquamation
D) inflammation

Question 19

In order for the total body radiation syndrome to be applicable, radiation exposure must happen under the following condition:
1. an organ must have been exposed acutely,ie.., in a matter of seconds
2. there must be exposure of the total body area
3. external penetrating sources, e.g., x-rays, produce the radiation syndromes

A) 1 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

Question 20

Epilation or alopecia are terms for

A) tissue death
B) hair loss
C) skin reddening
D) peeling of skin

Question 21

The main effect on the male gonads is damage to and reduction in the number of the

A) spermatogonia
B) spermatocytes
C) spermatids
D) sperm

Question 22

Radiation induced cataracts follow a threshold, nonlinear dose-response curve, with the threshold thought to be approximately _____ rad.

A) 2
B) 20
C) 200
D) 2,000

Question 23

Radiation induced cataracts have an average latent period of approximately _____ years.

A) 2
B) 7
C) 10
D) 15

Question 24

Doses as low as _____ have caused observable responses to human gonads.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 25

Radiation-induced chromosomal damage that occurs after DNA synthesis is known as

A) chromosomal aberration
B) chromosomal abnormality
C) chromatid aberration
D) chromatid abnormality

Question 26

Which acute radiation syndrome has an average survival time that is independent of dose?

A) hematologic
B) gastrointestinal
C) central nervous system
D) all syndromes have mean survival times that are independent of dose

Question 27

Which of the following would be considered an early response to irradiation?

A) genetic damage
B) leukemia
C) life-span shortening
D) cytogenetic damage

Question 28

Following radiation exposure to the bone marrow, what are the first cells to be reduced?

A) lymphocytes
B) neutrophils
C) platelets
D) red blood cells

Question 29

Which of the following is not an early response to irradiation?

A) breast cancer
B) skin erythema occurring 2 weeks postexposure
C) intestinal distress occurring 1 week postexposure
D) chromosome aberrations

Question 30

Regarding the bone marrow cells, what is the correct order from least sensitive to most sensitive?

A) erythroblasts, myelocytes, megakaryocytes
B) myelocytes, megakaryocytes, erythroblasts
C) myelocytes, erythroblasts, megakaryocytes
D) megakaryocytes, myelocytes, erythroblasts

Question 31

Which of the following is a chromosome map used for cytogenetic analysis of chromosomes?

A) phenotype
B) genotype
C) karyotype
D) stromatype

Question 32

The reproductive cells of the male are termed

A) spermatogonia
B) oogonia
C) megakaryocytes
D) granulocytes

Question 33

Structural changes to the chromosome that occur after irradiation are termed:
1. aberrations
2. lesions
3. anomalies

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1, 2 and 3

Question 34

It takes a minimum whole-body dose of approximately _____ rads to cause hematologic depression.

A) 0.025
B) 0.25
C) 2.5
D) 25

Question 35

The reproductive cells of the female are termed

A) spermatogonia
B) oogonia
C) megakaryocytes
D) granulocytes

Question 36

Radiation-induced chromosomal damage that occurs before DNA synthesis is known as

A) chromosomal aberration
B) chromosomal abnormality
C) chromatid aberration
D) chromatid abnormality

Question 37

Depletion of mature sperm in the male due to irradiation is termed

A) maturation depletion
B) maturation elimination
C) maturation dysfunction
D) sterility

Question 38

Which of the following is not an acute local tissue effect of radiation exposure?

A) cataracts
B) epilation
C) temporary sterility
D) skin erythema

Question 39

The main effect on the female gonads is damage to the

A) primordial follicles
B) mature follicles
C) corpus luteum
D) ovum

Question 40

An acute dose to the male or female gonads of approximately _____ rads will cause permanent sterility.

A) 0.5-0.6
B) 5-6
C) 50-60
D) 500-600

Question 41

What is the principal response of the blood caused by radiation exposure?

A) chromosome rearrangement
B) chromosome fragmentation
C) decrease in cell number
D) cell proliferation stimulation

Question 42

Death from a single dose of whole body irradiation primarily involves damage to the

A) skin
B) bone marrow
C) skeletal system
D) respiratory system