Deck 5: Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Radiation

Question 1

The formula for relative risk is

A) observed cases/expected cases
B) observed cases x expected cases
C) observed cases - expected cases
D) observed cases + expected cases

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following dose-response curves is utilized for radiation protection guidelines when estimating the overall cancer risk from diagnostic and occupational exposures?

A) linear, nonthreshold
B) linear, threshold
C) nonlinear, nonthreshold
D) nonlinear, threshold

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The relative risk for development of radiation-induced leukemia is approximately

A) 0.0015
B) 0.015
C) 0.15
D) 1.5

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The following populations are used as sources of data on the incidence of radiation-induced cancer:
1. atomic bomb survivors
2. medically exposed patients
3. occupationally exposed personnel
4. populations who receive high natural background exposure

A) 1 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 4 only
D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Question 5

Osteosarcoma follows which dose-response relationship?

A) linear, nonthreshold
B) linear, threshold
C) linear, quadratic
D) nonlinear, nonthreshold

Question 6

What is the approximate latent period for radiation-induced skin carcinoma?

A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 3-4 years
D) 5-10 years

Question 7

Radiation-induced malignancies include the following:
1. leukemia and skin carcinoma
2. thyroid and breast cancer
3. osteosarcoma
4. lung cancer

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 and 4 only
D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Question 8

The absolute risk for radiation-induced osteosarcoma is approximately _____ cases/1 million persons/rad/year.

A) 0.11
B) 1.1
C) 11
D) 111

Question 9

Limitations on epidemiologic studies include the following:
1. failure to control experimental group for other known carcinogens
2. insufficient observation periods which permit full demonstration of cancers with long latent periods
3. using improper control groups
4. deficient or incorrect health records

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 2 only
D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Question 10

Which of the following populations has not shown an increased incidence of radiation-induced leukemia?

A) American radiographers
B) American radiologists
C) atomic bomb survivors
D) radiotherapy patients

Question 11

Which of the following types of radiation-induced cancers demonstrates a threshold dose-response relationship?

A) skin
B) bone
C) lung
D) breast

Question 12

Which of the following is defined as a branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population?

A) epidemiology
B) dose-response curve
C) relative risk
D) absolute risk

Question 13

Which of the following models explain how age at the time of radiation exposure may influence the cancer risk estimate?

A) relative or multiplicative risk model
B) absolute or additive risk model
C) relative or divisional risk model
D) absolute or subtractive risk model

Question 14

Radiation-induced thyroid cancer is judged to be

A) linear, nonthreshold
B) linear, threshold
C) nonlinear, nonthreshold
D) nonlinear, threshold

Question 15

What is the approximate latent period for radiation-induced leukemia?

A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 3 years
D) 4-7 years

Question 16

Which of the following models estimates a continual increase in risk that is independent of the spontaneous age specific cancer risk at the time of exposure?

A) relative or multiplicative risk model
B) absolute or additive risk model
C) relative or divisional risk model
D) absolute or subtractive risk model

Question 17

Radiation-induced leukemia is judged to be

A) linear, nonthreshold
B) linear, threshold
C) nonlinear, nonthreshold
D) nonlinear, threshold

Question 18

The absolute risk for radiation-induced breast cancer is approximately _____ cases/1 million persons/rad/year.

A) 6
B) 60
C) 600
D) 6,000

Question 19

The formula excess risk is

A) observed cases/expected cases
B) observed cases x expected cases
C) observed cases - expected cases
D) observed cases + expected cases

Question 20

Absolute risk states risk in terms of

A) observed cases/expected cases
B) observed cases - expected cases
C) number of cases/1 million persons/rad/year
D) number of cases/100 million person/rad/year

Question 21

The annual effective limit for the fetus of an occupational worker is

A) 0.005 rem
B) 0.05 rem
C) 0.5 rem
D) 5.0 rem

Question 22

Radiation-induced lung cancer follows which dose-response relationship?

A) linear, nonthreshold
B) linear, threshold
C) nonlinear, nonthreshold
D) nonlinear, threshold

Question 23

Which of the following describes radiation damage that increases the probability of causing a late effect but will not increase the severity of the effect?

A) chronic
B) congenital
C) stochastic
D) nonstochastic

Question 24

When does the greatest radiation hazard to a fetus exist?

A) first trimester
B) second trimester
C) third trimester
D) cannot be determined

Question 25

Which of the following is most likely after irradiation in utero if the radiation is received during the organogenesis stage?

A) prenatal death
B) neonatal death
C) latent malignancies
D) congenital abnormalities

Question 26

An embryo's response to irradiation depends upon the following:
1. total dose
2. rate of dose
3. quality of radiation
4. stage of development

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 3 only
C) 3 and 4 only
D) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Question 27

The dose of radiation required per generation to double the spontaneous mutation rate is the definition of

A) genetically significant dose (GSD)
B) doubling dose
C) organogenesis
D) stochastic

Question 28

_____ is an average calculated from the gonadal dose received by the entire population.

A) Genetically significant dose (GSD)
B) Doubling dose
C) Stochastic
D) Organogenesis