Deck 16: Lipids and Membranes

Question 1

Which of the following is not correct concerning the digestion of fats and triglycerides?

A) Bile salts are necessary since the triglycerides are insoluble in water.
B) Lipases hydrolyze all of the ester bonds in a triglyceride.
C) Fatty acids formed on hydrolysis of triglycerides are neutralized by digestive juices.
D) Monoglycerides and fatty acid conjugate bases can pass through cell membranes.

Answer 1

Lipases hydrolyze all of the ester bonds in a triglyceride.

Question 2

Triglycerides (or triacylglycerols) are composed of four components, one glycerol and three fatty acids.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Reaction of the following triglyceride with sulfuric acid will produce:

A)
B)
C)
D)
E) a and c
F) b and c
G) All of the above

Answer 3

a and c

Question 4

Linolenic acid is classified as a polyunsaturated fatty acid.

Question 5

The oxidation of a polyunsaturated fatty acid produces more energy than the corresponding saturated fatty acid.

Question 6

The following triglyceride is to be completely hydrogenated. How many molecules of hydrogen are added to the triglyceride?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5
F) 6

Question 7

Active transport moves solutes across a cell membrane from lower to higher concentration and produces energy from the process.

Question 8

Examine the following structure. All of the following characterize this structure except:

A) classified as a glycerophospholipid
B) contains two different fatty acids
C) the right portion would be located on the interior of a cell membrane
D) formed using a molecule of ethanolamine

Question 9

In terms of temperature regulation, human infants and hibernating bears both utilize brown fat.

Question 10

The concentration of K⁺ is greater outside a cell than inside. The movement of this ion into the cell is an example of passive transport.

Question 11

The generation of a concentration of K⁺ on the outside of membrane to 50 mEq/L and on the inside to 10 mEq/L decreases the potential energy of the system.

Question 12

The following acid would be classified as an omega-6.

Question 13

On a mass basis, fats are more efficient sources of energy than carbohydrates but protein metabolism is even more efficient.

Question 14

The oxidation of FADH₂₁₀ H⁺ across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 15

One of the products of the hydrolysis of a triglyceride in sulfuric acid is a carboxylic acid.

Question 16

ATP synthase uses concentration gradient energy.

Question 17

Glycolysis is the first step in the oxidation of fatty acids to produce energy.

Question 18

Saturated fatty acids are considered nonessential for human beings.

Question 19

An unsaturated fatty acid produces more energy than the analogous saturated fatty acid.

Question 20

Cholesterol plays a role in regulating membrane flexibilty.

Question 21

Consider the following diagram of a membrane. Which of the following might be the portion of the membrane represented by the letter A?

A) choline
B) tristearin
C) oleic acid
D) glycerol

Question 22

In order to produce a carboyxlic acid from a triglyceride, it would be necessary to add

A) water and heat.
B) a strong acid.
C) a strong base.
D) either a strong acid or a strong base.

Question 23

Which of the following stores energy in the form of concentration gradients?

A) oxidative phosphorylation
B) electron transport chain
C) ATP synthase
D) transport protein

Question 24

Consider the following diagram of a membrane. Which of the following might be the portion of the membrane represented by the letter A?

A) choline
B) tristearin
C) oleic acid
D) glycerol

Question 25

Which of the following is not characteristic of the mitochondria?

A) located in the cytosol
B) located centrally in the cell
C) contain ATP synthase
D) contain an intermembrane space

Question 26

Consider the following descriptions of the fatty acids found in a triglyceride. Which triglyceride would have the lowest melting point?

A) all stearic acid
B) two stearic acid, one oleic acid
C) one stearic acid, two oleic acid
D) all oleic acid

Question 27

During the catabolism of a certain amino acid, 10 molecules of NADH and 4 molecules of FADH₂ are produced. How many molecules of ATP can produced when the coenzymes are oxidized in the mitochondria?

A) 14 ATP
B) 25 ATP
C) 28 ATP
D) 31 ATP

Question 28

The concentration of Na⁺ outside a cell is 85 mEq/L and inside the cell is 22 mEq/L. Which of the following is correct is such a situation?

A) There is a concentration gradient across the cell membrane.
B) Na⁺ can cross into the cell by active transport.
C) Na⁺ can diffuse out of the cell by passive transport.
D) A protein would be needed for Na⁺ to cross the cell membrane in either direction.
E) a and d
F) b and c
G) All of the above are true in this particular scenario.

Question 29

During the digestion of triglycerides

A) bile salts break up molecular clusters of fats and then the lipases hydrolyze the triglycerides for entry into the digestive tract.
B) lipases break up molecular clusters of fats and then the bile salts hydrolyze the triglycerides for entry into the digestive tract.
C) Lipases assemble fatty acids into molecular clusters and the bile salts transport them into the digestive tract.
D) Bile salts assemble fatty acids into molecular clusters and the lipases transport them into the digestive tract.

Question 30

Arachidic acid has a molecular formula of C₂₀H₄₀O₂. How many cycles of beta oxidation are required to breakdown one molecule and how many molecules of acetyl CoA are formed?

A) 40 cycles, 39 acetyl CoA
B) 39 cycles, 20 acetyl CoA
C) 19 cycles, 20 acetyl CoA
D) 20 cycles, 19 acetyl CoA
E) 9 cycles, 10 acetyl CoA
F) 10 cycles, 9 acetyl CoA

Question 31

How many moles of ATP will be formed when 100.0 g of palmitoleic acid is burned by your body? Palmitoleic acid (C₁₆H₃₀O₂) produces 104.5 molecules of ATP per molecule of the acid.

A) 105 mol ATP
B) 41.1 mol ATP
C) 254 mol ATP
D) 266 mol ATP

Question 32

Consider the following image. Which of the following might the structure represent?

A) fatty acid
B) triglyceride
C) fat
D) glycerophospholipid

Question 33

Which of the following cannot simply diffuse across a cell membrane without some kind of assistance?

A) CO₂
B) H₂O
C) CH₃CH₂OH
D) Ca²⁺
E) All require some type of assistance.

Question 34

Consider the following diagram of a membrane. In addition to the components represented here, which of the following might also be found in membrane?

A) proteins
B) cholesterol
C) other types of phospholipids
D) All of these may be found in membranes.

Question 35

In the following diagram, what type(s) of gradients would be present across the membrane?

A) charge gradient
B) concentration gradient
C) both charge and concentration gradients
D) neither charge nor concentration gradients

Question 36

Consider the following diagram of a membrane. Which of the following cannot pass through this membrane?

A) ethanol
B) CO₂
C) alanine
D) water
E) All of these can pass through the membrane.

Question 37

The following is the net reaction for which catabolic pathway?

A) glycolysis
B) electron transport
C) oxidative decarboxylation
D) oxidative phosphorylation
E) citric acid cycle

Question 38

Which of the following cannot be synthesized by the body?

A) saturated fatty acids
B) monounsaturated fatty acids
C) polyunsaturated fatty acids
D) certain omega-3 fatty acids

Question 39

When calculating the nutritional value of the food, the following is often used as a rule of thumb in calculating the caloric value.

A) ATP production is relatively constant per molecule for each type of fuel used.
B) ATP production is relatively constant per gram for each type of fuel used.
C) for amino acids and carbohydrates ATP production per gram is larger than per gram of fat.
D) for amino acids and carbohydrates ATP production per gram is smaller than per gram of fat.

Question 40

What is the overall (net) yield of ATP when one molecule of stearic acid (C₁₈H₃₆O₂) is oxidized to CO₂?

A) 122 ATP
B) 120 ATP
C) 116 ATP
D) 114 ATP

Question 41

All of the following are involved in oxidative phosphorylation except which one?

A) O₂ is reduced.
B) NADH is reduced.
C) ATP synthase regulates H⁺ migration.
D) With the mitochondrion a concentration gradient is established.
E) All of these are involved in oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 42

Examine the fatty acids given below. The names of the acids are given above the formula and each structure given a letter designation below the structure. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate letter (A, B, C, D, E).
The compound represented by structure _______________________ would have the lowest melting point.

Question 43

In the extraction of energy from fatty acids, which of the following provides the link between beta oxidation and the citric acid cycle?

A) acetyl-CoA
B) fatty acyl-CoA
C) pyruvate
D) NADH and FADH₂

Question 44

Examine the fatty acids given below. The names of the acids are given above the formula and each structure given a letter designation below the structure. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate letter (A, B, C, D, E).
A triglyceride containing 3 molecules of ______________________ would have a higher melting point than

Question 45

In the extraction of energy from fatty acids, which of the following provides the link between electron transport and the citric acid cycle?

A) acetyl-CoA
B) fatty acyl-CoA
C) pyruvate
D) NADH and FADH₂

Question 46

Which class of compounds is characterized by the following general structure?

A) steroids
B) glycerophopholipids
C) lipids
D) triacylglycerols

Question 47

Examine the fatty acids given below. The names of the acids are given above the formula and each structure given a letter designation below the structure. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate letter (A, B, C, D, E).
The omega-3 fatty acid is structure ____________________.

Question 48

Examine the diagram of a mitochondrion shown below. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate letter (A, B, C, D).
Location of the energy producing reactions of carbohydrate metabolism: _________________

Question 49

Examine the diagram of a mitochondrion shown below. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate letter (A, B, C, D).
Location of the electron transport chain: ____________________

Question 50

How many H⁺ must be moved across the inner mitochondrial membrane to produce 6 ATP?

A) 18
B) 24
C) 6
D) 10

Question 51

If the oxidation of a hypothetical saturated fatty acid produces 78 molecules of ATP, how many ATP molecules are produced by the corresponding monounsaturated fatty acid?

A) 78.0
B) 79.5
C) 76.5
D) 81.0

Question 52

Examine the fatty acids given below. The names of the acids are given above the formula and each structure given a letter designation below the structure. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate letter (A, B, C, D, E).
The substance most likely to be a solid at room temperature would be structure___________________.

Question 53

Examine the fatty acids given below. The names of the acids are given above the formula and each structure given a letter designation below the structure. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate letter (A, B, C, D, E).
The polyunsaturated fatty acid is structure _______________________.

Question 54

Examine the diagram of a mitochondrion shown below. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate letter (A, B, C, D).
Concentration gradients occur between __________________ and _________________.

Question 55

Examine the fatty acids given below. The names of the acids are given above the formula and each structure given a letter designation below the structure. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate letter (A, B, C, D, E).
Structure ______________________ would represent a saturated fatty acid.

Question 56

Consider the beta oxidation of a saturated fatty acid. For 5 turns of the cycle how many total high energy molecules are produced?

A) 10.0 molecules
B) 12.5 molecules
C) 7.5 molecules
D) 20.0 molecules

Question 57

Examine the fatty acids given below. The names of the acids are given above the formula and each structure given a letter designation below the structure. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate letter (A, B, C, D, E).
To form the following triglyceride would require 1 molecule of ______________________ and 2 molecules of ______________________.

Question 58

Lipids are

A) compounds that do not dissolve in water.
B) organic compounds that do not dissolve in water.
C) organic compounds utilized by biological systems that do not dissolve in water.
D) Any of the above definitions are sufficient.

Question 59

Examine the diagram of a mitochondrion shown below. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate letter (A, B, C, D).
Lipid bilayer: _____________________

Question 60

Which of the following is not involved in the process of extracting energy from triglycerides?

A) lipases and bile salts
B) citric acid cycle
C) beta oxidation
D) electron transport chain
E) All of these are involved at some stage.

Question 61

Consider the complete oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with the formula shown below. For each of the following questions enter the appropriate number (1,2,3,...) in the blank.
The citric acid cycle will directly produce_____molecules of ATP for this fatty acid.

Question 62

Consider the complete oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with the formula shown below. For each of the following questions enter the appropriate number (1,2,3,...) in the blank.
During the beta oxidation of the acid, _____molecules of ATP are consumed.

Question 63

Consider the complete oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with the formula shown below. For each of the following questions enter the appropriate number (1,2,3,...) in the blank.
During the beta oxidation of the acid, _____molecules of acetyl-CoA are produced.

Question 64

When one molecule of a unsaturated fat with a molecular formula of C₅₆H₁₀₇O₆ is oxidized 373.5 molecules of ATP are produced. Calculate the ATP yield in moles ATP per 100 g of this fat.

Question 65

Consider the complete oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with the formula shown below. For each of the following questions enter the appropriate number (1,2,3,...) in the blank.
The citric acid cycle will produce_____molecules of NADH for this fatty acid.

Question 66

Draw the structure of the triglyceride formed from glycerol and one molecule of stearic acid and two molecules of oleic acid. Use condensed formulas. There are two possible structures.

Question 67

Consider the complete oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with the formula shown below. For each of the following questions enter the appropriate number (1,2,3,...) in the blank.
During the beta oxidation of the acid, _____molecules of NADH are produced.

Question 68

Draw the structure for each of the products produed on the hydrolysis of the following substance using H₂SO₄.

Question 69

If the mitochondrion oxides 8 molecules of NADH and 4 molecules of FADH₂, what is the total number of molecules of ATP that the mitochondrion will make available to the cell?

Question 70

Draw the structures for each of the products produced on the hydrolysis of the following substance using KOH
.

Question 71

Draw the structure of a 14 carbon, monounsaturated, omega-3 fatty acid.

Question 72

Consider the complete oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with the formula shown below. For each of the following questions enter the appropriate number (1,2,3,...) in the blank.
The citric acid cycle will go through_____cycles for this fatty acid.

Question 73

Consider the complete oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with the formula shown below. For each of the following questions enter the appropriate number (1,2,3,...) in the blank.
For this fatty acid, from beta oxidation through the citric acid cycle, the net production is _____molecules of ATP.

Question 74

Consider the complete oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with the formula shown below. For each of the following questions enter the appropriate number (1,2,3,...) in the blank.
For this fatty acid, from beta oxidation through the citric acid cycle, ____molecules of NADH total are produced.

Question 75

Consider the complete oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with the formula shown below. For each of the following questions enter the appropriate number (1,2,3,...) in the blank.
For this fatty acid, from beta oxidation through the citric acid cycle, ____molecules of FADH₂ total are produced.

Question 76

Consider the complete oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with the formula shown below. For each of the following questions enter the appropriate number (1,2,3,...) in the blank.
During the beta oxidation of the acid, the cycle must be repeated_____times.

Question 77

Consider the complete oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with the formula shown below. For each of the following questions enter the appropriate number (1,2,3,...) in the blank.
During the beta oxidation of the acid, _____molecules of FADH₂ are produced.

Question 78

Consider the complete oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with the formula shown below. For each of the following questions enter the appropriate number (1,2,3,...) in the blank.
For this fatty acid, from beta oxidation through the citric acid cycle and electron transport, ____molecules of ATP total are produced.

Question 79

Consider the complete oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with the formula shown below. For each of the following questions enter the appropriate number (1,2,3,...) in the blank.
The citric acid cycle will produce_____molecules of FADH₂ for this fatty acid.