Deck 9: Crime, Juvenile Delinquency, and Correctional Services

Question 1

_____ are violent acts aimed at individuals or groups of a particular race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, disability, class, nationality, age, gender, gender identity, social status, or political affiliation.

A) Inchoate crimes
B) ​Hate crimes
C) ​Statutory crimes
D) ​White-collar crimes

Answer 1

B

Question 2

​In 2008, _____ was arrested by the FBI and charged with securities fraud after his investors lost $50 billion.

A) ​Bernard Madoff
B) ​Ivan Boesky
C) ​Charles Ponzi
D) ​Arthur Anderson

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which country has the highest rate of murder of any industrialized nation?

A) ​Russia
B) ​Australia
C) ​Canada
D) ​The United States

Answer 3

D

Question 4

_____ refers to the criminal activity that involves the systematic extortion of money from labor unions and businesses.

A) ​Labor exploitation
B) ​Labor racketeering
C) Labor ​defraudment
D) ​Labor victimization

Question 5

Self-report studies, in which respondents are asked anonymously the details of any crimes they may have committed, reveal that close to _____ of all persons have committed some kind of offense.

A) ​25 percent
B) ​50 percent
C) ​75 percent
D) ​100 percent

Question 6

​Which of the following theories of crime causation was advanced by Edwin Sutherland?

A) ​Differential association theory
B) ​Demonology
C) ​Phrenology
D) ​Mental deficiency theory

Question 7

_____ offenders constitute the largest category of criminals; their activities far exceed reported crimes of any other type.

A) ​Embezzlement
B) ​Public-order
C) ​Hate-crime
D) ​White-collar

Question 8

​Which of the following is true of control theories?

A) ​They assume that everyone would naturally commit crimes and therefore must be constrained and controlled by society from breaking the law.
B) They assert that people develop their self-concept in terms of how others relate to them.
C) They explain crime by maintaining that some groups have developed attitudes, values, and perspectives that support criminal activity.
D) They assert that crime is related to the size and shape of the human skull.

Question 9

A major reason African Americans make up a disproportionate share of prison populations is _____.

A) selection bias
B) ​recidivism
C) ​institutional racism
D) ​crime profiling

Question 10

Which of the following crime causation theories assumes that all crime results from the exploitation of workers and from intense competition among people?

A) ​Marxist-Leninist theory
B) ​Morphological theory
C) ​Mental deficiency​ theory
D) ​Critical theory​

Question 11

​Which of the following crime causation theory asserts that some groups develop their own attitudes, values, and perspectives, which support criminal activity?

A) ​Self-talk theory
B) ​Deviant subcultures theory
C) ​Anomie theory
D) ​Psychoanalytic theory

Question 12

Which of the following is a fraudulent investment operation that involves paying abnormally high returns to investors out of the money paid in by subsequent investors, rather than from the profits from any real business?

A) ​Labor racketeering
B) Loan sharking
C) ​Ponzi scheme
D) ​Blue-collar crime

Question 13

Which of the following crime-causation theories suggests that a person becomes delinquent because of the excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law?

A) ​Anomie theory
B) ​Differential association theory
C) ​Lombrosian theory
D) ​Psychoanalytic theory

Question 14

Which of the following is true of white-collar crimes?

A) ​They are work-related offenses committed by people of high status.
B) ​They account for lesser money than blue-collar crimes.
C) ​These are crimes that do not necessarily involve harm to another person.
D) ​These are crimes that were begun, but not completed.

Question 15

​In which of the following cases are females arrested more often than males?​

A) ​Murder
B) Arson
C) ​Embezzlement
D) ​Kidnapping

Question 16

​A _____ is a formal social rule that is enforced by a political authority.

A) ​bill
B) ​norm
C) ​law
D) value

Question 17

Which of the following theories of crime asserts that capitalism fosters crime by encouraging, and even requiring, the exploitation of one group by another and by promoting the selfish quest for personal gain as if it were the inevitable goal of all human behavior?

A) ​Control theory​
B) ​Critical theory​
C) ​Anomie theory​
D) ​Differential association theory​

Question 18

The most comprehensive statistical summary of crime in the United States is the annual publication of _____ by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

A) ​Uniform Statistical Analysis
B) ​United States Major Crime Report
C) ​National Criminal Statistics
D) ​Crime in the United States

Question 19

Which of the following is true of the Crime in the United States?

A) It is compiled on a quarterly basis by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) based on data from law enforcement agencies throughout the United States.
B) ​It does not usually consider property crimes in its final compilation.
C) The actual crime rates are substantially higher than the official rates reported in the report.
D) ​It focuses on crimes that are more likely to be committed by people of higher social and economic status.

Question 20

​Which of the following crime causation theories asserted that criminal behavior was related to the size and shape of the human skull?

A) ​Phrenology
B) ​Lombrosian theory
C) Demonology
D) ​Anomie theory

Question 21

​Organized crime generally seeks to provide to the public desired goods and services that cannot be legally obtained.

Question 22

​The first juvenile court was established in:

A) ​Los Angeles County, California.
B) ​New York County, New York.
C) ​Boston County, Massachusetts.
D) ​Cook County, Illinois.

Question 23

_____ have been developed to keep first-time or minor offenders from entering the criminal justice system by receiving services from community agencies.

A) ​Diversion programs
B) Disposition programs
C) ​Transitional programs
D) ​Ameliorative programs

Question 24

According to Morales categorization of youth gangs, which of the following gangs are turf oriented and engage in violent conflict with individuals of rival groups that invade their neighborhood or commit acts that they consider degrading or insulting?

A) ​Retreatist gangs
B) ​Criminal gangs
C) ​Conflict gangs
D) ​Cult/occult gangs

Question 25

​Which of the following is true of retreatist gangs?

A) ​These groups place extensive emphasis on sexuality and violence.
B) The primary goal of the gangs is material gain through criminal activities.
C) ​Individuals tend to join this type of gang to secure continued access to drugs.
D) The gang members engage in violent conflict with individuals of rival groups that invade their neighborhood.

Question 26

A sociopath is a person who is thought to have no moral constraints against engaging in criminal activity, doing so whenever it is personally advantageous, even though others may be hurt.

Question 27

In the morphological theory, William Sheldon asserted that ectomorph body types have an unusual propensity to criminal activity.

Question 28

It has been pointed out that more than 90% of the money spent in prison settings goes for _____.​

A) ​custody
B) ​treatment
C) rehabilitation
D) ​mentoring

Question 29

Which of the following is true of defense attorneys?

A) ​They have considerable discretionary authority in choosing whether to seek a conviction for those arrested and how vigorously to prosecute a defendant.
B) ​They are either elected or appointed to office and are therefore political figures who must periodically seek reelection or reappointment.
C) ​They are supposed to represent their clients' interest before the criminal justice system.
D) ​They usually focus police departments' attention on which violations will be further processed by the criminal justice system.

Question 30

In the context of the purpose of incarceration, from 1900 to 1970, there was an increased emphasis on _____ of an offender and a shift away from punishment.

A) ​estrangement
B) ​retribution
C) retaliation
D) ​treatment

Question 31

​Those who are arrested for crimes are disproportionately likely to be males, young, members of a racial minority, and city residents.

Question 32

​Arguments against using the death penalty include all of the following except:

A) ​it is assumed to have a deterrent effect.
B) ​it constitutes cruel and unusual punishment.
C) ​if a convicted person is later found to be innocent, the penalty is irreparable.
D) the "right to life" is a basic right that should not be infringed upon.

Question 33

The self-talk theory of crime causation states that the reasons for any criminal act can be determined by examining what the offender was thinking prior to and during the time when the crime was being committed.

Question 34

Which of the following rights is generally NOT taken away from convicted felons?

A) ​The right to own property
B) ​The right to vote while on probation or parole
C) ​The right to own or possess firearms
D) ​The right to hold public office

Question 35

​In 1993 the _____ was enacted, which requires that gun buyers wait 5 business days and undergo a background check by police.

A) ​Reagan Bill
B) ​Brady Bill
C) ​Martin Luther King, Jr., Bill
D) ​Gerald Ford Bill

Question 36

A goal of _____ is for inmates to maintain and develop strong ties to the noncriminal elements in their home community.

A) ​diversion programs
B) ​ameliorative programs
C) ​disposition programs
D) ​transitional programs

Question 37

​Racial profiling refers to the tendency of police departments to view members of certain minority groups as more likely to commit crimes than the general population, and to then use that assumption in making decisions about whom to arrest.

Question 38

​Suggestions to improve the effects of various sentences include all of the following except:

A) ​imposing harsher sentences.
B) ​creating uniform sentences.
C) ​criminalizing public-order offenses.
D) ​imposing stricter gun control.

Question 39

Which of the following terms is used to describe a situation where prisoners may actually feel more comfortable being confined than having to return to the world outside?

A) ​Incapacitation
B) ​Institutionalization
C) ​Retribution
D) Rationalization

Question 40

Which of the following is true of sex offenses?

A) Forcible rape is a highly underreported crime.
B) ​A lot of attention is given to helping the victims cope with their exploitation or to rehabilitating the offenders.
C) ​All states now recognize females as being liable for committing statutory rape.
D) ​The United States has given a standardized definition for rape that is followed in all states.

Question 41

Most convictions for criminal offenses in the United States are obtained through plea bargaining between the prosecuting attorney and the defendant, who is often represented by a defense attorney in the plea-bargaining process.

Question 42

The due process goal of the criminal justice system involves the need to curb crime and protect society from lawbreakers.

Question 43

One difference between criminal gangs and retreatist gangs is that criminal gangs become involved with drugs for consumption, whereas retreatist gangs become involved with drugs for financial profit.

Question 44

Many offenders are distrustful of social workers in prisons because they view the social workers as part of the authoritarian bureaucracy.

Question 45

It has been found that the states that have a higher proportion of guns have higher rates of homicides, suicides, and deaths during domestic disputes.

Question 46

One good thing about the treatment programs in the corrections system in the United States is that there is no dual standards of justice, the rich in American society are as likely as the poor to be found guilty and to be sent to prison when they are accused of a crime.

Question 47

In all societies, criminal justice systems face a conflict between two goals: crime control and due process.

Question 48

​There is considerable evidence that rates of serious crime decrease when a country begins to use the death penalty.

Question 49

​Scared Straight programs have consistently been proven to deter juveniles from a life of crime.

Question 50

​Imprisonment is currently the most frequently used penalty to punish convicted offenders in this country.

Question 51

The current prison recidivism rate is estimated to be less than 10 percent, which shows the efficiency of prisons in curbing future criminal activity.

Question 52

​In the United States, African Americans and Latinos are proportionately less likely than whites to be sentenced to death.

Question 53

A major part of a police department's effort is directly focused on making arrests.

Question 54

Probation is a conditional release of an inmate from prison. It is granted by an administrative board (parole board) or by an executive.

Question 55

Theoretically, the focus in juvenile courts is punishment of defendants for their misdeeds.

Question 56

Define and describe crime.

Question 57

All the police departments in the United States now employ social workers to provide social services to individuals and families with whom police come in contact.

Question 58

Status offenses are acts that are defined as illegal if committed by juveniles but not if committed by adults.

Question 59

Under the bail system, accused people are allowed to deposit money or credit with the court to obtain a release from jail while awaiting trial.

Question 60

​Many offenders who request professional assistance in prison have no genuine interest in self-improvement.

Question 61

Briefly describe the following major crime efforts of organized crime: gambling, drug trafficking, loan sharking, infiltrating legitimate businesses, labor racketeering, and prostitution.

Question 62

Discuss the four theoretical ways to prevent crime.

Question 63

Briefly describe the trait theories on the causes of crime.

Question 64

Describe the psychological theories of crime causation.

Question 65

​Briefly describe diversion programs and transitional programs in the correctional system.

Question 66

​Describe the social problem of human trafficking. What do you think can be done to stop it?

Question 67

Describe the working of courts in the United States of America.

Question 68

Describe the role of social workers in the criminal justice system. What changes would you like to see implemented?

Question 69

What are the major factors listed by Spergel that cause youths to join gangs?

Question 70

Write a short note on the shortcomings of crime causation theories.

Question 71

Describe the major treatment approaches in the corrections system.

Question 72

Briefly describe the following theories of crime: demonology, classical, and Marxist-Leninist.

Question 73

Write a short note on death penalty as a method of punishing offenders.

Question 74

​Define and describe racial profiling by police forces.