Deck 9: The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929-1939

Question 1

Why did the industrial recovery program under the National Industrial Recovery Act come to an end in 1935?

A) Roosevelt decided it was a failure and refused to continue it
B) The Supreme Court ruled it to be unconstitutional
C) Congress refused to appropriate more money to allow it to continue
D) Roosevelt abandoned it because of increasing opposition from businessmen

Answer 1

The Supreme Court ruled it to be unconstitutional

Question 2

What was the purpose of the President's Organization on Unemployment Relief (POUR)?

A) To oversee the distribution of surplus food to the unemployed
B) To study the problem of joblessness and recommend a corrective course of action
C) To provide funds for businesses to rehire workers
D) To generate private contributions for relief of the destitute

Answer 2

To generate private contributions for relief of the destitute

Question 3

Which of the following was true of urban school systems in the early 1930s?

A) Kindergarten programs were discontinued in all urban school systems
B) Many urban school systems reduced the school year to six months due to lack of funds
C) Most urban school systems refused to hire married women as teachers
D) A majority of urban school systems began offering free after-school day-care programs

Answer 3

Most urban school systems refused to hire married women as teachers

Question 4

The Agricultural Adjustment Act attempted to restore the purchasing power of farmers by encouraging them to

A) purchase more efficient farm equipment
B) increase their production of foodstuffs
C) limit their production of specific crops
D) donate their surplus crops to the unemployed

Question 5

The Bonus Army was composed of

A) radical agitators
B) unemployed veterans of the First World War
C) college students
D) dispossessed farmers

Question 6

Between 1929 and 1933, many American farmers tried to make up for the low prices offered for farm goods by

A) increasing production
B) decreasing production
C) withdrawing their crops from the market
D) exporting their surplus crops

Question 7

In response to the people who made up the Bonus Army, President Hoover

A) allowed them to stay indefinitely in empty government buildings
B) protected their right to petition Congress
C) labeled them as insurrectionists and sent the US Army to disperse them
D) supported the bill authorizing immediate payment of bonuses to First World War veterans

Question 8

The banking crisis that began in the United States in 1929 was caused in part by

A) the Federal Reserve Board's decision to raise the discount rate several times during the previous year
B) enactment of legislation during the Coolidge administration to impose higher taxes on interest income
C) risky loans made during the 1920s
D) the collapse of the World Bank

Question 9

The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was designed to provide

A) direct relief to the unemployed
B) direct loans to the unemployed
C) federal loans to homeowners who could not pay their mortgages
D) federal loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads

Question 10

In the early 1930s, both Mexican Americans and Mexican nationals working in the United States

A) continued to provide a docile, reliable farm labor force in the American Southwest
B) were sometimes subjected to deportation by the United States government
C) benefited significantly from the AAA
D) steadily replaced whites in California's migratory work force

Question 11

Which of the following is true of the Emergency Banking Relief Act?

A) It provided for the complete separation of commercial banking from investment banking
B) It provided for federally insured deposits in reopened banks
C) It put the responsibility for reopening banks into the hands of state examining boards
D) It provided for the reopening of banks that were solvent and the reorganization of those that were not

Question 12

Which of the following is true of African American workers in the early 1930s?

A) Laws were passed in several southern states making it illegal to hire an African American for a job if there was also a white applicant
B) African Americans living in the South generally fared better in finding employment than those living in other regions
C) Many African Americans joined the militant Black Shirts organization, which advocated the violent overthrow of the American government
D) African American workers in the North usually found that as industry cut production, they were the first to be fired

Question 13

Which of the following statements best explains the contradiction contained in Hoover's approach to the depression?

A) He authorized the use of federal funds to feed drought-stricken livestock, yet he rejected the use of federal money to feed impoverished farm families
B) He encouraged people to save, but his tax policies promoted spending
C) He sought to increase taxes, yet he argued in favor of deficit spending
D) He sought to reduce taxes, yet he argued that a balanced budget was essential

Question 14

In response to the depression, many prominent business leaders

A) advocated using Mussolini's reforms in Italy as the model for establishing a corporatist society
B) believed that economic downturns were a beneficial and natural part of the business cycle and simply should be allowed to run their course
C) advised President Hoover to rigidly enforce antitrust laws in order to restore competition
D) actively campaigned for the implementation of a federal jobs program

Question 15

The primary objective of the Farmers' Holiday Association was to

A) keep farm products off the market in order to limit the supply and drive prices up
B) obtain compensation for untilled acreage
C) obtain legislation requiring the government to buy up farm surpluses
D) convince the government to guarantee farm mortgages

Question 16

Which of the following is true of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff?

A) It weakened the economy because other nations raised their tariff rates, which made it harder to sell their products and, in turn, gave them less money with which to buy American goods or repay their US debts
B) It strengthened the economy by keeping foreign goods out of the country
C) It strengthened the economy by stimulating competition that brought prices down
D) It weakened the economy by making foreign products cheaper than American products

Question 17

The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 sought to promote economic recovery by

A) reducing taxes and lowering interest rates
B) nationalizing key industries and lowering the capital gains tax
C) ending cutthroat competition among competing businesses by allowing them to cooperate in establishing prices and wages
D) implementing Keynesian economic theory and providing direct relief

Question 18

During the depression, many argued that women workers deprived male breadwinners of jobs Was this argument valid? Why or why not?

A) Yes, because women were willing to work for lower wages than men
B) Yes, because in the 1920s women had moved into many previously male-dominated jobs
C) No, because women were heavily concentrated in particular occupations dominated by women
D) No, because most women lost their jobs as the depression intensified

Question 19

Which of the following is true of the National Recovery Administration?

A) The staff of the NRA diligently protected the interests of small businesses in the drafting of industry-wide codes
B) The NRA was controlled by intellectuals who were guided by abstract concepts rather than economic reality
C) The NRA quickly demonstrated that centralized economic planning was the key to economic recovery
D) Many of the industry-wide codes established by the NRA reflected the interests of major corporations rather than those of small-business owners or consumers

Question 20

Which of the following is true in relation to female employment during the 1930s?

A) The number of women seeking jobs outside the home increased throughout the decade
B) Women employed in low-wage manufacturing jobs were far more secure than women employed in domestic service
C) Women often found that employers were more willing to hire them than men because of the higher productivity rate of women
D) Unemployment in "women's jobs" remained significantly higher throughout the decade than unemployment in "men's jobs"

Question 21

The Congress of Industrial Organizations differed from the American Federation of Labor in which of the following ways?

A) The CIO was composed of skilled workers only, whereas the AFL opened its membership to all workers
B) The CIO allowed women and nonwhites as members, whereas the AFL did not
C) The CIO pursued practical objectives such as better wages, whereas the AFL pursued a socialist agenda
D) The CIO excluded farm workers, whereas the AFL did not

Question 22

Which of the following statements is correct concerning the application of New Deal laws and programs to women?

A) Under the 1935 Social Security Act, women in agriculture and domestic service were given special benefits not offered to men
B) The minimum wage established by the NRA codes applied equally to men and women
C) Women were not eligible for employment in the Civilian Conservation Corps
D) The maximum-hour provisions mandated by the NRA did not apply to women workers

Question 23

As a result of the building of large multipurpose dams during the New Deal era, the federal government

A) attempted to foster the growth of family farms at the expense of large factory farms
B) gained a great deal of influence over the future of the West by gaining control of much of the water and hydroelectric power in the region
C) used public money to benefit large corporate giants engaged in generating hydroelectric power
D) demonstrated its concern for protecting the ecosystems associated with western river systems

Question 24

Which of the following groups generally voted Republican before the 1930s but became a major part of the New Deal coalition during the 1930s?

A) The urban masses
B) Catholics
C) Northern African Americans
D) Organized labor

Question 25

Which of the following was true of the Social Security Act of 1935?

A) The act's unemployment compensation system was fully funded by workers and received no contributions from employers and no tax revenues
B) The law covered farm workers and domestic servants as well as blue- and white-collar workers
C) Workers and employers, not the government, paid for old-age benefits
D) The more workers earned, the higher rate of tax they paid

Question 26

Which of the following was the enforcement arm of the National Labor Relations Act?

A) The Committee of Industrial Organizations
B) The Bureau of Labor and Management Affairs
C) The National Labor Relations Board
D) The Work Projects Administration

Question 27

During the worst years of the depression, American employers responded to workers' attempts to unionize in which of the following ways?

A) They often encouraged workers to organize by industry rather than by trade or craft
B) Most supported legislation at the state and national levels to outlaw unions
C) They often refused to recognize unions, and some even tried to intimidate workers by hiring armed thugs
D) They publicly acknowledged that trade unions benefited both labor and management because they kept the lines of communication open between the two

Question 28

Which of the following groups would be least likely to belong to the New Deal coalition?

A) Members of the urban working class
B) Wealthy businesspeople
C) African Americans in northern cities
D) Members of organized labor

Question 29

Authors associated with the Federal Writers Project

A) collected and published the stories of many freed slaves
B) primarily dealt with the trials and tribulations of wealthy Americans in the works they wrote
C) had to adhere to strict language and story-line restrictions established by the Works Projects Administration
D) were usually critical of Roosevelt and the New Deal

Question 30

Which of the following is true of the National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act?

A) It guaranteed that workers would be paid a nationally established minimum wage
B) It granted workers the right to unionize and bargain collectively with management
C) It gave the president the power to end strikes that threatened the national interest
D) It authorized the president to mediate between business and labor in strikes lasting longer than ninety days

Question 31

Huey Long's Share Our Wealth Society advocated

A) government ownership and control of all banks
B) that the government should ensure -- and if necessary, provide -- an annual income to each American family
C) a national health insurance plan
D) federal education subsidies to all families with college-age children

Question 32

Which of the following is true of the American Liberty League?

A) It criticized the New Deal for ignoring the needs of minorities
B) It supported the use of racist propaganda in an attempt to turn white southerners against the New Deal and splinter the Democratic Party
C) It lobbied for passage of legislation to establish a minimum wage for all American workers
D) It tried to rally support for the New Deal by implying that critics of the Roosevelt administration were unpatriotic

Question 33

The industrial unions that came to power in the 1930s

A) consisted of skilled workers in a particular trade
B) ultimately lost in their struggle against traditional craft unions
C) organized the workers in each separate factory into a separate, independent union
D) represented all the workers within a certain industry, both skilled and unskilled

Question 34

Which of the following is true of the Public Works Administration, funded through the National Industrial Recovery Act?

A) It was designed to spur economic recovery by pumping federal money into the economy
B) It was designed primarily to save financial institutions and railroads
C) It was clear evidence that Roosevelt did not understand basic economic theory
D) It was implemented without deficit spending

Question 35

Which of the following was a consequence of the AAA?

A) It resulted in the removal of many southern sharecroppers from the land they had lived on and worked
B) It caused many midwestern farmers to go bankrupt and lose their land
C) It allowed the "Okies" and "Arkies" to obtain their own farmland
D) It guaranteed that agricultural experts would help solve the problem of soil erosion in the Plains

Question 36

Dr Francis E Townsend advocated

A) government payments of $200 per month to all citizens over age sixty
B) free food and shelter for families headed by unemployed males who would agree to enroll in a government-financed job-training program
C) fifty-acre land grants to dispossessed farmers who would agree to give 10 percent of their first-year profits to the government
D) enactment of a government-financed medical insurance plan for all citizens over age sixty

Question 37

Which of the following was a consequence of the 1936 United Auto Workers' strike against General Motors?

A) General Motors ultimately agreed to recognize the union
B) General Motors mobilized public opinion against the union and the strike was broken
C) With help from the National Guard, General Motors ultimately crushed the strike
D) The union movement suffered a severe setback because of the association the public made between the United Auto Workers and the Community Party

Question 38

Which of the following is true of John Collier, Roosevelt's commissioner of Indian affairs?

A) He called for a breakup of tribal organizations
B) He attempted to resettle Native Americans to urban areas
C) He wanted to reverse he Indian policies of the past
D) He stressed the need to abolish the reservation system

Question 39

Which of the following is true of the Tennessee Valley Authority?

A) It did not bring about the economic revitalization of the Tennessee Valley and serves as a classic example of pork-barrel legislation
B) It degraded the water by dumping waste and pollutants into rivers and streams
C) Through its educational programs relating to soil management, it prevented further soil erosion in the vast area of the Tennessee Valley
D) It was the first step in the federal government's attempt to nationalize public-power facilities throughout the United States

Question 40

In his weekly radio sermons, Father Charles Coughlin

A) advocated the violent overthrow of the government of the United States
B) told his listeners that the New Deal was divinely inspired
C) praised the Roosevelt administration for having adopted the tenets of socialism
D) blamed the depression on an international conspiracy of Jewish bankers

Question 41

In a secret protocol attached to the Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact,

A) the Soviet Union pledged to wage war against Great Britain in the event of a British declaration of war against Germany
B) the Soviet Union was allowed to take the eastern half of Poland
C) Hitler agreed to turn over the Sudeten region of Czechoslovakia to the Soviet Union
D) Germany was allowed to take Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia

Question 42

With regard to Latin America, the Roosevelt administration

A) sought to stimulate economic diversification and industrial development throughout the region
B) was willing to support dictatorial regimes because he believed they would protect and preserve US economic interests in the region
C) strictly adhered to a policy of noninterference in the domestic affairs of nations in the region
D) fostered democracy by sending impartial observers to oversee free elections in the region

Question 43

Great Britain and France responded to Germany's first aggressive moves between 1935 and 1938 by

A) committing military forces to defend Ethiopia
B) pursuing a policy of appeasement
C) establishing a military alliance with the Soviet Union
D) making stern threats of war

Question 44

An ironic twist to Roosevelt's court-packing plan was that

A) when Roosevelt finally did get to appoint several justices, they consistently voted against his wishes
B) Republicans supported the measure more enthusiastically than did Democrats
C) although the measure failed, the Supreme Court nonetheless began to render pro−New Deal decisions
D) two of the justices who had been pro-Roosevelt resigned in protest

Question 45

Under the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934, the president had the power to

A) reduce American tariffs through special agreements with other nations
B) participate in economic conferences and agreements sponsored by the League of Nations
C) join international economic boycotts against nations engaging in aggression
D) authorize American companies to enter into binding trade agreements with foreign companies

Question 46

Which of the following was instrumental in helping to create a more homogenous mass culture during the 1930s?

A) Compulsory school-attendance laws
B) Television
C) Political conventions
D) The radio

Question 47

Which of the following was one reason that President Roosevelt approved diplomatic recognition of the Soviet government?

A) Roosevelt had a lifelong fascination with Russian history and culture
B) Roosevelt believed that such an act would prevent Stalin from entering into an alliance with Nazi Germany
C) Roosevelt gave in to the adamant demands of left-wingers and Communist sympathizers within the Democratic party
D) Roosevelt hoped that strengthened relations with the Soviet Union would deter Japanese expansion

Question 48

Which of the following was a feature of the Neutrality Acts of the 1930s?

A) The president had the authority to sell arms to nations engaged in a defensive struggle against an aggressor nation
B) All trade with nations declared to be belligerents was prohibited
C) Arms sales and loans to belligerents were forbidden
D) Belligerent nations had to post a monetary bond to insure American ships carrying trade items to them

Question 49

President Roosevelt responded to the 1937-1939 recession by

A) proposing a substantial tax cut
B) increasing the nation's tariffs
C) increasing the gold value of the dollar
D) reviving deficit spending

Question 50

Which of the following factors limited the gains made by nonwhite Americans under the New Deal?

A) Conservative rulings by the Supreme Court in cases like that of the Scottsboro Boys
B) Roosevelt's fear that the public would link him with militant black activists if he supported programs primarily designed to help nonwhites
C) Roosevelt's naïve belief that the New Deal was race neutral
D) President Roosevelt's need for support from southern Democrats to secure passage of his legislative program

Question 51

Which of the following was true of the conduct of the United States under the Good Neighbor policy?

A) It did not provide support for military dictators in Latin America
B) It provided substantial economic assistance for industrial development in Latin America
C) It no longer intervened militarily in Latin America
D) It was less blatant in its domination of Latin America

Question 52

In a speech delivered in August 1936 at Chautauqua, New York, President Roosevelt

A) pledged that the United States would act to prevent German aggression
B) called upon Congress to appropriate money for a major US defense buildup
C) stood strongly against the Munich accord
D) promised that the United States would not become entangled in the conflict in Europe

Question 53

Which of the following may be considered a failure of the New Deal?

A) It failed to end extensive government corruption
B) It was unable to end unemployment
C) It relied excessively on deficit spending
D) It overcentralized power in the hands of the president

Question 54

African Americans supported Franklin Roosevelt for which of the following reasons?

A) Roosevelt's New Deal relief programs helped many African Americans in their struggle for economic survival
B) Roosevelt endorsed congressional enactment of a federal antilynching law
C) Congress enacted legislation abolishing the poll tax at Roosevelt's insistence
D) Roosevelt's Justice Department supported the NAACP in its legal challenges against Jim Crow laws in the southern states

Question 55

At the beginning of his second term, President Roosevelt

A) called for an expansion of relief programs for the homeless
B) was confident that the depression had ended and, therefore, reduced government spending
C) ended economic discrimination against racial minorities
D) experimented with Keynesian economic principles

Question 56

Which of the following was the most important factor in Roosevelt's decision to seek a third term?

A) The worsening depression
B) His strong dislike for Wendell Willkie
C) The rise of an aggressive Germany under the leadership of Adolph Hitler
D) His desire to balance the budget before leaving office

Question 57

Which of the following is true of the Export-Import Bank of the United States?

A) It provided loans to Latin American entrepreneurs to encourage industrialization in Latin American nations
B) It provided monetary grants to American businesses wishing to increase their export trade
C) It provided loans to foreigners purchasing American goods
D) It provided monetary grants to American businesses to purchase foreign industries primarily engaged in exports to the United States

Question 58

Congressional hearings chaired by Senator Gerald Nye in the mid-1930s provided evidence of which of the following?

A) American corporations had largely supported the campaign for arms control legislation
B) American corporations had bribed foreign politicians to improve arms sales in the 1920s and 1930s
C) American businesspersons and financiers had pushed the nation into the First World War
D) American businesspersons and financiers had in no way influenced the nation's involvement in the First World War

Question 59

Which of the following finally ended the depression?

A) The delayed impact of the Second New Deal
B) The restoration of business confidence that came with the end of the New Deal
C) A tremendous increase in exports to Britain and France after the Second World War began
D) The nation's mobilization for war

Question 60

Which of the following was a consequence of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff?

A) It made it easier for Europeans to sell their goods in the United States
B) It led other nations to raise their tariff rates against American imports
C) It stimulated trade in the Western Hemisphere by creating a free-trade zone throughout the Americas
D) It encouraged European nations to eliminate tariff barriers and to create a free-trade zone throughout Europe

Question 61

Instructions:
Identify each item Give an explanation or description of the item Answer the questions who, what, where, and when
Explain the historical significance of each item Establish the historical context in which the item exists Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item?
the Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Question 62

Instructions:
Identify each item Give an explanation or description of the item Answer the questions who, what, where, and when
Explain the historical significance of each item Establish the historical context in which the item exists Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item?
Unemployed Councils

Question 63

The primary purpose of the Lend-Lease Act of 1941 was to

A) sell arms to whatever nation could afford them
B) stop Japanese expansion in Asia
C) make military supplies available to an impoverished England
D) aid the Chinese in building up their military forces

Question 64

With the outbreak of war in Europe in September 1939, President Roosevelt

A) declared the neutrality of the United States
B) asked Congress for a declaration of war
C) warned Germany that the United States would defend France from military attack
D) loaned a massive quantity of military supplies to Britain and France

Question 65

Instructions:
Identify each item Give an explanation or description of the item Answer the questions who, what, where, and when
Explain the historical significance of each item Establish the historical context in which the item exists Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item?
President Herbert Hoover

Question 66

Instructions:
Identify each item Give an explanation or description of the item Answer the questions who, what, where, and when
Explain the historical significance of each item Establish the historical context in which the item exists Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item?
the Farmers' Holiday Association

Question 67

Instructions:
Identify each item Give an explanation or description of the item Answer the questions who, what, where, and when
Explain the historical significance of each item Establish the historical context in which the item exists Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item?
"Hoovervilles"

Question 68

Instructions:
Identify each item Give an explanation or description of the item Answer the questions who, what, where, and when
Explain the historical significance of each item Establish the historical context in which the item exists Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item?
the Bonus Army

Question 69

Instructions:
Identify each item Give an explanation or description of the item Answer the questions who, what, where, and when
Explain the historical significance of each item Establish the historical context in which the item exists Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item?
"associationalism"

Question 70

Instructions:
Identify each item Give an explanation or description of the item Answer the questions who, what, where, and when
Explain the historical significance of each item Establish the historical context in which the item exists Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item?
the Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Question 71

What Chinese leader in the late 1920s ousted the Communists from the Guomindang party?

A) Soong Meiling
B) Jiang Jieshi
C) Sun Zhongshan
D) Mao Zedong

Question 72

After Europe's descent into was in September 1939, Roosevelt

A) secured congressional repeal of the arms embargo
B) provided Lend-Lease assistance to Britain and France
C) placed a total embargo on exports to Nazi Germany
D) initiated the first peacetime draft in the nation's history

Question 73

In the aftermath of the 1938 Munich crisis, President Roosevelt

A) refused a French request to buy bombers from the United States
B) publicly condemned the appeasement of Hitler by Great Britain and France
C) requested that Congress appropriate funds to build up the US air force
D) requested that Congress pass a resolution allowing him to use any means necessary to stop German aggression

Question 74

As a result of President Roosevelt's "quarantine" speech in response to Japan's attack on China in 1937,

A) confirmed isolationists were pleased that the president responded to the incident by invoking the Neutrality Acts
B) those who believed the United States had been too soft on Japan in the past were pleased by Roosevelt's denunciation of Japan
C) Congress froze Japanese assets in the United States
D) the State Department formulated a program designed to halt Japanese aggression in the Far East

Question 75

Instructions:
Identify each item Give an explanation or description of the item Answer the questions who, what, where, and when
Explain the historical significance of each item Establish the historical context in which the item exists Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item?
the President's Organization on Unemployment Relief (POUR)

Question 76

Instructions:
Identify each item Give an explanation or description of the item Answer the questions who, what, where, and when
Explain the historical significance of each item Establish the historical context in which the item exists Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item?
President Franklin D Roosevelt

Question 77

Instructions:
Identify each item Give an explanation or description of the item Answer the questions who, what, where, and when
Explain the historical significance of each item Establish the historical context in which the item exists Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item?
marginal workers

Question 78

Instructions:
Identify each item Give an explanation or description of the item Answer the questions who, what, where, and when
Explain the historical significance of each item Establish the historical context in which the item exists Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item?
Marvin Montgomery

Question 79

Great Britain and France declared war on Germany because of

A) German intervention in the Spanish Civil War
B) German aggression in the Rhineland
C) Germany's invasion of Ethiopia
D) Germany's attack on Poland

Question 80

Instructions:
Identify each item Give an explanation or description of the item Answer the questions who, what, where, and when
Explain the historical significance of each item Establish the historical context in which the item exists Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item?
the Dust Bowl