Deck 13: Quasi Experimental and Single Case Designs

Question 1

An uncontrolled extraneous variable is

A)a confound
B)internally valid
C)externally valid
D)a subject variable.

Answer 1

a confound

Question 2

A design in which a series of measures are taken on two or more groups both before and after treatment is a(n) _____ design.​

A)experimental
B)multiple-group time-series
C)nonequivalent control group posttest-only
D)nonequivalent control group pretest/posttest

Answer 2

multiple-group time-series

Question 3

When subjects are not randomly assigned, but rather come to the study as members of each condition a ____ variable is being used.

A)manipulated independent
B)dependent
C)nonmanipulated independent
D)nonmanipulated dependent​

Answer 3

nonmanipulated independent

Question 4

In _____ designs, many measures are taken so that the effect of the treatment can be seen over time.

A)pretest-posttest
B)single-group
C)nonequivalent control group
D)time-series

Question 5

Ethnicity, gender, and age are all examples of _____ variables.​

A)nonmanipulated
B)subject
C)manipulated
D)both nonmanipulated and subject

Question 6

A design in which at least two nonequivalent groups are measured both before and after treatment is a(n) _____ design.​

A)experimental
B)correlational
C)nonequivalent control group posttest-only
D)nonequivalent control group pretest/posttest

Question 7

A threat to internal validity in which extreme scores, upon retesting, tend to be less extreme is called

A)a time-series confound.
B)a single-group effect.
C)regression to the mean.
D)none of the options is correct

Question 8

A design in which a single group of subjects is tested both before and after treatment is a(n) _____ design.​

A)correlational
B)single-group posttest-only
C)single-group time-series
D)posttest-only

Question 9

A design in which a single group of participants is measured repeatedly before and after a treatment is a(n) _____ design.

A)experimental
B)correlational
C)single-group time-series
D)posttest-only

Question 10

Which of the following is true concerning the nonequivalent control group pretest/posttest design?

A)Comparisons can be made between groups on the pretest and the posttest.
B)Comparisons can be made within groups from the pretest to the posttest.
C)Because participants are not randomly assigned to groups, we cannot say that they are
D)all of the above

Question 11

A design in which a single group of subjects is given a treatment and then tested is a(n) _____ design.​

A)correlational
B)single-group posttest-only
C)single-group pretest/posttest
D)experimental

Question 12

_____ is the extent to which the results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than to some extraneous variable.

A)Confounding
B)Internal validity
C)Regression to the mean
D)External validity

Question 13

Which of the following is not a type of quasi-experimental design?

A)nonequivalent control group posttest-only design
B)correlated-groups design
C)multiple-group time-series design
D)nonequivalent control group pretest/posttest design

Question 14

In order to determine the effectiveness of his new teaching method, Mr. Lewis gave his students a test to measure their knowledge before he implemented his new method. He also tested them after he implemented his new teaching method. Mr. Lewis is using a

A)single-group posttest-only design.
B)nonequivalent control group posttest-only design.
C)single-group pretest/posttest design.​
D)nonequivalent control group pretest/posttest design.

Question 15

A design in which at least two nonequivalent groups are measured after the treatment is a(n) _____ design.

A)experimental
B)correlational
C)nonequivalent control group posttest-only
D)nonequivalent control group pretest/posttest

Question 16

Two measured variables are to the _____ as one nonmanipulated independent variable and one measured variable are to the _____.

A)quasi-experimental method; correlational method
B)correlational method; quasi-experimental method
C)quasi-experimental method; experimental method
D)experimental method; quasi-experimental method

Question 17

_____ designs help to control for cohort effects.

A)Cross-sectional
B)Longitudinal
C)Sequential
D)Both longitudinal and sequential

Question 18

Students in two of Mr. Lewis's classes are given a test to assess their knowledge of world geography. Then, students in one of the classes participate in Mr. Lewis's new interactive geography learning modules. Students in the other class learn geography using the traditional lecture method. After three months, all students once again take a test to assess their knowledge of world geography. What kind of design did Mr. Lewis use?

A)single-group pretest/posttest
B)nonequivalent control group pretest/posttest
C)multiple-group time-series design
D)single-group time-series design

Question 19

When using a _____ variable, subjects are _____ assigned to groups.

A)nonmanipulated independent; randomly
B)nonmanipulated independent; not randomly
C)subject; randomly
D)manipulated independent; not randomly

Question 20

_____ designs are to studying individuals of different ages at the same time as _____ designs are to studying the same people over a period of time.

A)Sequential; cross-sectional
B)Longitudinal; sequential
C)Longitudinal; cross-sectional
D)Cross-sectional; longitudinal

Question 21

Multiple-baseline designs can be assessed across

A)time.
B)situations.
C)behaviors.
D)both situations and behaviors.

Question 22

A design in which measures are taken at baseline and after the introduction of the independent variable at different times across multiple participants is a _____ design.

A)multiple-baseline across participants
B)multiple-baseline across time
C)reversal
D)pretest/posttest

Question 23

An English teacher is interested in whether using computer writing assignments will improve his students' writing skills. He decides to use the computer writing assignments in one of the two freshman English classes that he teaches. Which type of quasi-experimental design do you recommend for this study? Why?

Question 24

Which of the following is an advantage of small-n designs, according to Sidman (1960)?

A)They allow for easier replication.
B)They contribute less to error variance.
C)They allow us to look at mean (average) performance.
D)They allow for easier replication and they contribute less to error variance.

Question 25

A single-case design in which the independent variable is introduced and removed one or more times is a _____ design.

A)small-n
B)nonequivalent control group
C)reversal
D)pretest/posttest

Question 26

The ABAB design is generally considered more _____ than the ABA design because participants are left with the effect of the treatment.

A)reliable
B)valid
C)ethical
D)effective

Question 27

A problem with single-group designs is that

A)they are open to many confounds.
B)there is no comparison group.
C)there is no equivalent control group.
D)all of the above

Question 28

A single-case or small-n design in which the effect of introducing the independent variable is assessed over multiple participants, behaviors, or situations is a(n) _____ design.

A)ABAB
B)multiple-baseline
C)ABA
D)posttest-only

Question 29

ABAB design is to a(n)_____ design as single-case design is to _____.

A)ABA; a design in which only a few participants are used
B)reversal; a design in which only a few participants are used
C)ABA; a design in which only one participant is used
D)reversal; a design in which only one participant is used

Question 30

A design in which only one participant is used is to a(n) _____ design as a design in which only a few participants are used is to a _____ design.

A)small-n; single-case
B)single-case; small-n
C)single-case; reversal
D)ABA; small-n

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a type of small-n design?

A)ABA reversal designs
B)ABAB reversal designs
C)multiple-baseline designs
D)single-group posttest-only design

Question 32

A design in which measures are taken at baseline and after the introduction of the independent variable at different times across multiple behaviors is a multiple-baseline across_____ design.

A)participants
B)time
C)behaviors
D)situations

Question 33

ABA design is to a(n)_____ design as a small-n design is to _____.

A)reversal; a design in which only a few participants are used
B)ABAB; a design in which only a few participants are used
C)reversal; a design in which only one participant is used
D)ABAB; a design in which only one participant is used

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT a type of multiple-baseline design?

A)multiple-baseline across participants
B)multiple-baseline across time
C)multiple-baseline across situations
D)multiple-baseline across behaviors

Question 35

With small-n designs

A)it is easy to generalize results to others.
B)complex statistical analyses are not required.
C)random assignment is essential.
D)none of the options is correct

Question 36

A design in which measures are taken at baseline and after the introduction of the independent variable at different times across multiple situations is a multiple-baseline across_____ design. time

A)participants
B)time
C)situations
D)behaviors

Question 37

Small-n and single-case research is often considered a variation of _____ design(s).

A)a quasi-experimental
B)a within-participant
C)a between-participant
D)both quasi-experimental and within-participant

Question 38

Explain the difference between correlational, quasi-experimental, and true-experimental designs.

Question 39

Identify the three types of nonequivalent control group designs discussed in the text noting possible advantages or disadvantages of each.

Question 40

Identify the three types of single-group designs discussed in the text noting possible advantages or disadvantages of each.

Question 41

Why is an ABAB reversal design better than an ABA reversal design?

Question 42

Identify the three types of multiple-baseline designs discussed in the text.

Question 43

Identify two reasons that some researchers see single-case or small-n designs as superior to designs in which many participants are used.