Deck 10: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing: Using the Sign Test

Question 1

If the alpha level is changed from 0.05 to 0.01, what effect does it have on beta?

A) beta decreases
B) beta increases
C) beta is unaffected
D) cannot be determined

Answer 1

beta increases

Question 2

If alpha is 0.05 and obtained probability level is 0.01, you could be making a _________.

A) Type II error or correct decision
B) Type II error or a Type I error
C) Type I error or a correct decision
D) all of these

Answer 2

Type I error or a correct decision

Question 3

If you retain the null hypothesis, you may be making _________.

A) a Type II error
B) a Type I error
C) a correct decision
D) a Type II error and a correct decision
E) a Type I error and a correct decision

Answer 3

a Type II error and a correct decision

Question 4

The null hypothesis which is appropriate for a directional alternative hypothesis asserts that _________.

A) the independent variable has had no effect
B) chance alone is responsible for the differences between conditions
C) the independent variable does not have an effect in the direction predicted by H 1
D) b and c

Question 5

If we set alpha at 0.05 instead of 0.01 _________.

A) we have a greater risk of a Type I error
B) we have a greater risk of a Type II error
C) we have a lesser risk of a Type II error
D) we have a greater risk of a Type I error and we have a lesser risk of a Type II error

Question 6

It is important to know the possible errors (Type I or Type II) we might make when rejecting or retaining H 0 _________.

A) to minimize these errors when designing the experiment
B) to be aware of the fallacy of "accepting H 0 "
C) to maximize the probability of making a correct decision by proper design
D) all of these

Question 7

When the results of an experiment are nonsignificant, the proper conclusion(s) is (are) _________.

A) the experiment fails to show a real effect for the independent variable
B) chance alone is at work
C) accept H 0
D) accept H 1
E) the independent variable has no effect

Question 8

In stating H 0 and H 1 , one must be certain that they are _________.

A) mutually exclusive
B) independent
C) exhaustive
D) a series of N trials
E) mutually exclusive and exhaustive

Question 9

If you reject the null hypothesis, you may be making _________.

A) a Type II error
B) a Type I error
C) a correct decision
D) a Type II error and a correct decision
E) a Type I error and a correct decision

Question 10

Using the sign test, if the null hypothesis is false, then P (the probability of a plus) _________.

A) equals 0.50
B) equals alpha
C) equals beta
D) is not equal to 0.50

Question 11

lf alpha is changed from 0.05 to 0.01, _________.

A) the probability of a Type II error decreases
B) the probability of a Type I error increases
C) the error probabilities stay the same the probability we will retain a false H 0 increases
D) the probability we will retain a false H 0 increases

Question 12

In the repeated measures design, _________.

A) differences between paired scores are analyzed
B) the raw scores in each condition are analyzed separately
C) we must use a directional alternative hypothesis
D) all of these

Question 13

In an experiment with a repeated measures design _________.

A) the entire experiment is done twice
B) one group of subjects receives one treatment, the other group receives another treatment
C) the same subjects receive both treatments
D) none of these

Question 14

The statistic used in the sign test measures _________.

A) the difference between the means of the two groups
B) the direction of the differences between pairs of scores
C) the magnitude of the differences between pairs of scores
D) the difference between the variance of the two groups

Question 15

The nondirectional alternative hypothesis asserts that _________.

A) the results of the experiment were due to chance alone
B) no conclusions can be drawn from the experiment
C) the independent variable has an effect
D) the independent variable has no effect

Question 16

An alpha level of 0.05 indicates that _________.

A) if H 0 is true, the probability of falsely rejecting it is limited to 0.05
B) 95% of the time, chance is operating
C) the probability of a Type II error is 0.05
D) the probability of a correct decision is 0.05

Question 17

If alpha equals 0.05 and the probability level of your experiment is 0.04, you would _________.

A) reject the null hypothesis
B) retain the null hypothesis
C) accept the null hypothesis
D) redo the experiment

Question 18

In an experiment involving a nondirectional alternative hypothesis, the obtained result was 7 pluses and 1 minus. To evaluate the null hypothesis, which of the following probabilities would you use?

A) p (7)
B) p (7) + p (8)
C) p (0) + p (1) + p (7) + p (8)
D) p (1) + p (7)

Question 19

If the alternative hypothesis states that alcohol affects short-term memory, the null hypothesis states _________.

A) alcohol does not decrease short-term memory
B) alcohol has no effect on short-term memory
C) alcohol decreases short-term memory
D) P ≠ Q

Question 20

In the sign test, if the null hypothesis is true, then P _________.

A) equals 0.50
B) is greater than 0.50
C) is less than 0.50
D) differs depending on H 1

Question 21

A psychologist is interested in whether hypnosis affects brain dominance. Twelve college students from the freshmen class are randomly sampled for an experiment. The experiment has two conditions which are given on different days. In condition 1, the students are hypnotized and then given a test which measures the relative dominance of the right and left hemispheres. The higher the score, the more dominant is the right hemisphere. In condition 2, the same students are given the test again, only this time they are not hypnotized but are in their normal state of consciousness. The following scores are obtained. Using a = 0.05 2 tail , your conclusion is _________.

A) accept H 0 ; hypnosis has no affect on brain dominance
B) retain H 0 ; we cannot conclude that hypnosis affects brain dominance
C) reject H 0 ; hypnosis affects brain dominance
D) change H 0

Question 22

If a = 0.05 1 tail and the obtained result has a probability of 0.01 and is in the opposite direction to that predicted by H 1 , we conclude by _________.

A) rejecting H 0
B) retaining H 0
C) accepting H 1
D) accepting H 0

Question 23

A psychologist is interested in whether hypnosis affects brain dominance. Twelve college students from the freshmen class are randomly sampled for an experiment. The experiment has two conditions which are given on different days. In condition 1, the students are hypnotized and then given a test which measures the relative dominance of the right and left hemispheres. The higher the score, the more dominant is the right hemisphere. In condition 2, the same students are given the test again, only this time they are not hypnotized but are in their normal state of consciousness. The following scores are obtained. The null hypothesis appropriate for a nondirectional alternative hypothesis is _________.

A) hypnosis does not increase right brain dominance
B) hypnosis does not affect brain dominance
C) hypnosis does not increase left brain dominance
D) hypnosis affects brain dominance

Question 24

A psychologist is interested in whether hypnosis affects brain dominance. Twelve college students from the freshmen class are randomly sampled for an experiment. The experiment has two conditions which are given on different days. In condition 1, the students are hypnotized and then given a test which measures the relative dominance of the right and left hemispheres. The higher the score, the more dominant is the right hemisphere. In condition 2, the same students are given the test again, only this time they are not hypnotized but are in their normal state of consciousness. The following scores are obtained. The nondirectional alternative hypothesis is _________.

A) hypnosis affects brain dominance
B) hypnosis does not affect brain dominance
C) hypnosis increases right brain dominance
D) hypnosis does not increase right brain dominance

Question 25

A psychologist is interested in whether hypnosis affects brain dominance. Twelve college students from the freshmen class are randomly sampled for an experiment. The experiment has two conditions which are given on different days. In condition 1, the students are hypnotized and then given a test which measures the relative dominance of the right and left hemispheres. The higher the score, the more dominant is the right hemisphere. In condition 2, the same students are given the test again, only this time they are not hypnotized but are in their normal state of consciousness. The following scores are obtained. The obtained probability = _________.

A) 0.0161
B) 0.0384
C) 0.0192
D) 0.0322

Question 26

If p (obtained) from an experiment equals 0.05 and alpha equals 0.05 (both two-tailed), what would you conclude?

A) reject H₀
B) retain H₀
C) reject H₁
D) retain H₁

Question 27

If the alpha level is changed from 0.05 to 0.01, what effect does this have on beta?

A) beta decreases
B) beta increases
C) beta is unaffected
D) cannot be determined

Question 28

lf we drew a random sample from an introductory psychology class, to whom could we generalize our results?

A) all of human kind
B) the university
C) all psychology students
D) the students in that introductory psychology class

Question 29

If you reject the null hypothesis, what type of error might you be making?

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) cannot be determined

Question 30

When the results are statistically significant, this means _________.

A) the obtained probability is equal to or less than alpha
B) the independent variable has had a large effect
C) we can reject H 0
D) the obtained probability is equal to or less than alpha and we can reject H 0

Question 31

A psychologist is interested in whether hypnosis affects brain dominance. Twelve college students from the freshmen class are randomly sampled for an experiment. The experiment has two conditions which are given on different days. In condition 1, the students are hypnotized and then given a test which measures the relative dominance of the right and left hemispheres. The higher the score, the more dominant is the right hemisphere. In condition 2, the same students are given the test again, only this time they are not hypnotized but are in their normal state of consciousness. The following scores are obtained. If you conclude to reject H ₀, the error(s) you may be making is(are) _________.

A) a Type I error
B) a Type II error
C) that hypnosis may not affect brain dominance
D) a Type I error and that hypnosis may not affect brain dominance
E) a Type II error and that hypnosis may not affect brain dominance

Question 32

A psychologist is interested in whether hypnosis affects brain dominance. Twelve college students from the freshmen class are randomly sampled for an experiment. The experiment has two conditions which are given on different days. In condition 1, the students are hypnotized and then given a test which measures the relative dominance of the right and left hemispheres. The higher the score, the more dominant is the right hemisphere. In condition 2, the same students are given the test again, only this time they are not hypnotized but are in their normal state of consciousness. The following scores are obtained. The population to which these results apply is _________.

A) all students
B) the 12 students in the experiment
C) the freshman class
D) all adults

Question 33

The alpha level _________.

A) is always set at 0.05 or 0.01
B) is set after the data are analyzed
C) is determined by the consequences of making a Type I and Type II error
D) depends on N

Question 34

If you reject H₀ when H₀ is false, you have made a _________.

A) Type I error
B) Type II error
C) correct decision
D) none of these

Question 35

Using the sign test, if (1) H 1 is directional, (2) H 0 is false, (3) a = 0.01, and (4) N = 12, then the probability of making a Type I error equals _________.

A) 0.0002
B) 0.0010
C) 0
D) 0.0192

Question 36

The sign test can be used for _________.

A) a repeated measures design
B) a replicated measures design
C) a correlated measures design
D) all of these

Question 37

If the result of an experiment is statistically significant, this means _________.

A) the result is reliable
B) the result is important
C) if we repeat the experiment, we expect the result to be significant again
D) the result is reliable and if we repeat the experiment, we expect the result to be significant again

Question 38

If we set alpha at 0.05 instead of 0.01, other factors held constant _________.

A) greater risk of a Type I error and a lower risk of a Type II error
B) greater risk of a Type I error and a greater risk of a Type II error
C) a lower risk of a Type I error and a greater risk of a Type II error
D) a lower risk of a Type I error and a lower risk of a Type II error

Question 39

Using the sign test, with N = 15 and a = 0.05 2-tail , if H 0 is true, the probability of making a type I error equals _________.

A) 0.0042
B) 0
C) 0.05
D) 0.0352
E) none of these

Question 40

If alpha equals 0.05, how many times out of 100 would you expect to reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is in fact true?

A) 1
B) 0.05
C) 0.01
D) 5

Question 41

If the results of an experiment allow rejection of the null hypothesis, _________.

A) the effect of the independent variable must be large.
B) similar results are likely to occur if the experiment is repeated
C) the experiment proves that H ₀ is false.
D) the effect of the independent variable must be large and the experiment proves that H ₀ is false.
E) similar results are likely to occur if the experiment is repeated and the experiment proves that H ₀ is false.

Question 42

Using the sign test, and excluding ties, if H 0 is true the sample data must have half pluses and half minuses.

Question 43

The sign test analyzes both the magnitude and direction of the data.

Question 44

If H 0 is true and we reject it, we have made a Type I error.

Question 45

The alternative hypothesis must be nondirectional.

Question 46

To answer this question, refer to the following hypothetical data collected using replicated measures design: What type error might you be making using a = 0.05 2 tail ?

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) cannot be determined

Question 47

Regardless of whether H 1 is directional or nondirectional, when evaluating H 0 we always assume chance is responsible for the differences in results between conditions.

Question 48

To answer this question, refer to the following hypothetical data collected using replicated measures design: What would you conclude using a = 0.01 2 tail ?

A) reject H₀
B) accept H₀
C) retain H₀
D) fail to reject H₁
E) accept or retain H₀

Question 49

We always evaluate the tail of the distribution, beginning with the obtained result, rather than just the obtained result itself.

Question 50

To answer this question, refer to the following hypothetical data collected using replicated measures design: In a two-tailed test of H₀ using a = 0.05, what is p (obtained) for the results shown?

A) 0.0500
B) 0.0108
C) 0.1094
D) 0.0216

Question 51

If H 0 is false, and we retain it, we have made a Type II error.

Question 52

We always evaluate just the specific result obtained in the experiment.

Question 53

We always directly evaluate H 1 when analyzing the data.

Question 54

The value used for alpha depends on the consequences of making a Type I and Type II error.

Question 55

One can say it is always preferable to make a Type II error.

A) True
B) False
C) It depends on the costs of making a Type I or Type II error
D) None of these

Question 56

To answer this question, refer to the following hypothetical data collected using replicated measures design: What is your conclusion regarding H₀ using a = 0.05_{2 tailed}.

A) reject H₀
B) accept H₀
C) retain H₀
D) retain H₁
E) accept or retain H₀

Question 57

In a nondirectional alternative hypothesis, evaluating the probability of observing 7 pluses out of 8 events equals _________.

A) p (7)
B) p (7) + p (8)
C) p (0) + p (1) + p (7) + p (8)
D) p (0) + p (8)

Question 58

For any given obtained result, a one tail p-level is

A) appropriate to use no matter what the alternative hypothesis states.
B) less than the two tail p-level
C) is appropriate to use only if the alternative hypothesis is directional
D) is appropriate to use only if the null hypothesis is nondirectional
E) less than the two tail p-level and is appropriate to use only if the alternative hypothesis is directional.

Question 59

It is always appropriate to use a directional alternative hypothesis.

Question 60

If H 0 is false and we reject it, we have made a Type II error.

Question 61

If H 0 is validly rejected, H 1 must be true.

Question 62

If H 0 is true, beta equals 0.00.

Question 63

It is impossible to get 20 pluses out of 20 pairs of scores in a replicated measures design due to chance alone.

Question 64

It is permissible to use a directional H 1 when there are good theoretical as well as strong supporting data to justify the predicted direction.

Question 65

H₀ always asserts that the dependent variable has no effect on the independent variable.

Question 66

It is always appropriate to use a directional H 1 .

Question 67

Unless the very same subject is used in the control and experimental condition the design cannot be a replicated measures design.

Question 68

It is technically correct to conclude by "accepting" rather than "failing to reject" H 0 .

Question 69

The sign test analyzes raw scores.

Question 70

A replicated measures design is the same thing as a correlated groups design.

Question 71

H 1 and H 0, taken together, cover the entire continuum with regard to possible effects of the independent variable.

Question 72

The statement "Drug X has no effect on Y and any observed effect is due to chance alone" is an example of a nondirectional alternative hypothesis.

Question 73

If alpha is made more stringent, beta increases.

Question 74

The sign test is used with the replicated measures design.

Question 75

It is impossible to prove with certainty the truth of H 1 when using sample data.

Question 76

If the result turns out to be in the direction opposite to a directional H 1 , we must conclude by retaining H 0 .

Question 77

H₀ and H₁ must be mutually exclusive and exhaustive.

Question 78

The sign test ignores the magnitude of the difference scores.

Question 79

It is not possible to analyze the probability of the alternative hypothesis because the laws of probability are derived for chance events. This is why we test H₀ instead of H₁ .

Question 80

If results are statistically significant, the independent variable must have had a large effect.