Deck 1: Important Fundamental Principles in Lifespan Development

Question 1

__________ are the predictable changes that every individual will encounter throughout his or her lifespan.​

A) ​Normative age-graded influences
B) ​Normative history-graded influences
C) ​Nonnormative history-graded influences
D) ​Nonnormative life events

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The three components of Super and Harkness's developmental niche model include physical and social settings, customs of child-rearing, and caretaker psychology.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The most recent evidence suggests that the most common and most severe mental disorders have low to moderate heritability.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Counselors can balance ethics with experimental rigor by using control groups.

Question 5

Theorists began to view nature and nurture as integrated and mutually influential at the turn of the 20th century.

Question 6

Proponents of __________ believe that a certain limited period of time exists when humans have the maximum opportunity for optimal development given the appropriate environmental inputs.​

A) ​canalization
B) ​critical periods
C) ​sensitive periods
D) ​plasticity

Question 7

People who believe that humans have little control over the external forces that shape their development would espouse the __________ perspective.​

A) ​qualitative
B) ​quantitative
C) ​passive
D) ​active

Question 8

The term nature encompasses​

A) ​heredity.
B) ​universal maturational processes.
C) ​hormones.
D) ​All of the above

Question 9

The negative effects of not being in a nuclear family are more pronounced for​

A) ​Whites.
B) ​African Americans.
C) ​children of lesbian and gay parents.
D) ​children in poverty.

Question 10

Although __________ determine(s) what we are capable of doing, __________ determine(s) what we actually do.​

A) ​the environment; genes
B) ​genes; the environment
C) ​heredity; canalization
D) ​canalization; heredity

Question 11

__________ is not one of Scarr and McCartney's gene-environment interactions?​

A) ​Evocative gene-environment correlation
B) ​Passive gene-environment correlation
C) ​Active gene-environment correlation
D) ​Educative gene-environment correlation

Question 12

Family income is strongly inversely related to aggression.

Question 13

Development in the first few years of life is considered to be the most important.

Question 14

Theorists who view development as __________ believe that developmental change is always occurring at a gradual, steady pace.​

A) ​discontinuous
B) ​stages
C) ​continuous
D) ​multidimensional

Question 15

Systems theorists acknowledge the complexity of reciprocal influences in development.

Question 16

Questionnaires, checklists, and interviews are all examples of self-report measures.

Question 17

Helping professionals should strive to take an emic approach to truly understand the cultural meaning behind different practices and behaviors.

Question 18

Age is an excellent indicator of developmental status.

Question 19

The __________ is not one of the periods most professionals use to characterize development.​

A) ​prenatal period
B) ​late childhood
C) ​late adulthood
D) ​middle adulthood

Question 20

__________ describes how humans are restricted to a small number of outcomes simply as a function of their genes.​

A) ​Canalization
B) ​Universal maturational processes
C) ​Passive genotype-environment correlations
D) ​Biological aging

Question 21

__________ helps counselors see situations from a normal developmental perspective by providing physical, cognitive, language, and personal-social developmental markers that should be achieved by certain ages.​

A) ​Jean Piaget
B) ​Urie Bronfenbrenner
C) ​B. F. Skinner
D) ​Arnold Gesell

Question 22

Which of the following is not a limitation of standardized testing?​

A) Test scores have been shown to be reliable and valid.​
B) ​Tests are based on the assumption that behavior remains consistent and stable across time.
C) ​Tests are fairly expensive.
D) ​Tests are time-consuming to administer.

Question 23

A researcher who observes children in a classroom during school would be conducting a​

A) ​case study.
B) ​structured observation.
C) ​naturalistic observation.
D) ​anecdotal observation.

Question 24

Abnormality is defined as behavior that is​

A) ​deviant, distressing, dysfunctional, and dangerous.
B) ​deviant, disturbing, dissolute, and deleterious.
C) ​divergent, disturbing, dysfunctional, and dangerous.
D) ​divergent, distressing, dissolute, and deleterious.

Question 25

Describe the three types of experimental designs used in human development research.

Question 26

__________ is probably the best way to obtain data regarding the behavior of a participant with an addiction.​

A) ​Structured observation
B) ​Self-report
C) ​Naturalistic observation
D) ​Experimental method

Question 27

Describe six important issues/principles that underlie human development.

Question 28

Describe the five systems of Bronfenbrenner's ecological model.

Question 29

Which ethical principle means "to do no harm?"​

A) ​Autonomy
B) ​Beneficence
C) ​Nonmaleficence
D) ​Confidentiality

Question 30

Piaget's theory of cognitive development provides an excellent illustration of a(n) __________ theory.​

A) ​multidimensional
B) ​incremental
C) ​systemic
D) ​stage

Question 31

__________ observations allow researchers to study rare and unpredictable events?​

A) ​Structured
B) ​Naturalistic
C) ​Unstructured
D) ​None of the above

Question 32

Describe five ways that researchers can increase their ability to determine that the independent variable caused the observed change in the dependent variable.

Question 33

Which correlation coefficient indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?​

A) ​0.75
B) ​-0.20
C) ​-0.80
D) ​0.55

Question 34

A __________ design is often used to chart developmental trajectories.​

A) ​cross-sectional
B) ​longitudinal
C) ​sequential
D) ​time-lag

Question 35

Describe six guiding principles that characterize development.