Deck 16: Culture and Leadership

Question 1

Trompenaars completed a large survey of people in 47 different countries and determined two organizational cultural classifications:

A) Power distance and uncertainty avoidance
B) Person vs. task and in-group vs. out-group
C) Egalitarian vs hierarchical and institutional vs. in-group collectivism
D) Person vs. task and egalitarian vs. hierarchical

Answer 1

D

Question 2

At the new student orientation of your university, the guides taught you the common cheer that is a part of most sporting and other major assemblies on campus. The process of learning this common language and tradition of your university describes the definition of which of the following:

A) Diversity
B) Prejudice
C) Ethnocentrism
D) Culture

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Why is ethnocentrism an obstacle to effective leadership?

A) It prevents people from fully respecting the viewpoints of others
B) It is focused on cultural competence, not individual rights
C) It is focused on diversity of opinions of others
D) It encourages understanding of multiple viewpoints of others

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The assertiveness dimension of culture in the GLOBE studies is described as

A) The degree to which people assert their influence when planning for the future
B) The degree to which people in the culture are determined and confrontational
C) The degree to which a society provides rewards for excellence
D) The degree to which a society relies on established procedures to avoid failure

Question 5

Which of the following is not one of Adler's leader cross-cultural competencies?

A) To fight discrimination in the workplace
B) To understand worldwide business, political, and cultural environments
C) To learn the perspectives and technologies of other cultures
D) To adapt to living and communicating in other cultures

Question 6

The power distance cultural dimension in the GLOBE studies is defined as

A) The degree to which cultural norms are clearly defined
B) The degree to which gender inequality is viewed
C) The degree to which the group expects that power should be shared unequally
D) The degree to which the group is expected to take collective action

Question 7

Culture as defined in the text is

A) Common actions of a group of people who care about each other
B) Learned beliefs, values, symbols, and norms that are common to a group of people
C) Learned beliefs and norms that are common to more than one group of people
D) Common tendency of one group to place their group in higher regard than other groups.

Question 8

The cultural dimension defined as the degree to which an organization encourages institutional or societal collective action is

A) In-group collectivisim
B) Future orientation
C) Assertiveness
D) Institutional collectivism

Question 9

The largely fixed attitude, belief, or emotion held by an individual about another individual or group based on faulty or unsubstantiated data is the definition of

A) Ethnocentrism
B) Culture
C) Prejudice
D) Diversity

Question 10

Which cultural dimension is defined as the extent to which a society, organization, or group relies on established social norms, rituals, and procedures to make things more predictable and less unclear.

A) Power distance
B) Uncertainty avoidance
C) In-group collectivism
D) Gender egalitarianism

Question 11

The existence of different cultures or ethnicities within a group or organization is the definition of

A) Multicultural
B) Ethnocentrism
C) Diversity
D) Prejudice

Question 12

Which scholar(s) authored Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies?

A) House et al.
B) Hofstede
C) Heifetz
D) Avolio et al.

Question 13

How many cultural dimensions did the GLOBE researchers identify?

A) 2
B) 5
C) 6
D) 9

Question 14

Jenny is the project manager of a small web design firm. She identifies with Christian and American cultures. Working alone, Jenny created the work flow calendar for the next six month, carefully including days off for Easter and the Fourth of July. Rajiv, one of the firm's new designers who practices Islam, was disappointed to see that Jenny scheduled a huge project in late June during one of his important cultural holidays, Ramadan. When Jenny was designing the work calendar, she was using

A) Multicultural sensitivity
B) Ethnocentrism
C) Altruism
D) Cultural competence

Question 15

The extent to which people are devoted to their organizations and families is

A) In-group collectivisim
B) Future orientation
C) Institutional collectivism
D) Humane orientation

Question 16

In my organization, women and men share power and influence equally. My organization uses a high degree of which dimension of culture?

A) Power distance
B) Humane orientation
C) Institutional collectivism
D) Gender egalitarianism

Question 17

Hofstede's five dimensions on which culture differs include all of the following except

A) Uncertainty avoidance
B) Masculinity-femininity
C) Performance orientation
D) Long-term-short-term orientation

Question 18

Which scholar reported that a primary characteristic of culture is the degree to which the culture is individualistic or collectivistic?

A) Greenleaf
B) Hall
C) Trompenaars
D) Eagly

Question 19

"Men just seem to be naturally better at math than women; that's just a fact!" This statement is an example of

A) Prejudice
B) Gender egalitarianism
C) Institutional collectivism
D) Diversity

Question 20

"Why on earth do some countries function in non-democratic ways, especially not allowing the right for all adults to vote?" This statement is an example of

A) Multicultural competence
B) Diversity
C) Egalitarianism
D) Ethnocentrism

Question 21

How many distinct clusters, or groups of countries, are represented in the GLOBE studies?

A) 10
B) 32
C) 62
D) 107

Question 22

Our team leader asks us about our needs, is generous with his time, and considerate of our personal and professional goals. Which of the global leadership behaviors is our leader using?

A) Participative
B) Team-oriented
C) Autonomous
D) Humane oriented

Question 23

Which cluster of cultures in the GLOBE studies have high scores on humane orientations and are generally very concerned for and sensitive to others?

A) Latin America
B) Sub-Saharan Africa
C) Germanic Europe
D) Eastern Europe

Question 24

Implicit leadership theory states in part that individuals have implicit beliefs and convictions about the attributes that distinguish leaders from nonleaders. This concept is similar to the main concept of which leadership approach in the text?

A) Skills approach
B) Situational approach
C) Trait approach
D) Adaptive approach

Question 25

Which cultural dimension had no high-score clusters?

A) Future orientation
B) Gender egalitarianism
C) Power distance
D) Uncertainty avoidance

Question 26

What was the main purpose of the GLOBE project?

A) To refute the concepts found in implicit leadership theory
B) To determine how people from different cultures viewed leadership
C) To describe how transformational leadership is different in multiple cultures
D) To refute the concepts in Hofstede's five cultural dimensions of leadership

Question 27

People in which cluster in the GLOBE studies exhibit forceful behaviors but are also supportive of their coworkers and treat men and women equally?

A) Latin Europe
B) Middle East
C) Southern Asia
D) Eastern Europe

Question 28

The extent to which people engage in behaviors such as planning, investing in the future, and delaying gratification is which cultural dimension?

A) Power distance
B) Future orientation
C) Institutional collectivism
D) Gender egalitarianism

Question 29

The dimension of culture that is concerned with how much a society or organization emphasizes sensitivity to others, social support, and community values is

A) Values orientation
B) Future orientation
C) In-group orientation
D) Humane orientation

Question 30

Which of the six global leadership behaviors is focused on ensuring the safety and security of the leader and the group?

A) Self-protective
B) Team-oriented
C) Participative
D) Humane-oriented

Question 31

My supervisor involves all of us in making and implementing decisions. Which of the global leadership behaviors am I using?

A) Participative
B) Team-oriented
C) Autonomous
D) Humane oriented

Question 32

Which global leader behavior is also a leader behavior in path-goal theory?

A) Charismatic/values-based
B) Team oriented
C) Autonomous
D) Participative

Question 33

I am really lucky to belong to an organization that places an emphasis on rewarding us for meeting challenging goals. My organization in this example is using which cultural dimension from the GLOBE studies?

A) Performance orientation
B) Future orientation
C) Institutional collectivism
D) Gender egalitarianism

Question 34

My leader is only worried about his job and getting the next prestigious promotion. He does not care about me or my co-workers. Which of the global leadership behaviors am I using?

A) Participative
B) Team-oriented
C) Self-protective
D) Autonomous

Question 35

I like working with my supervisor because she lets me do things the way I think they should be done. She encourages me to be creative and unique in my approach to problems. Which of the global leadership behaviors am I using?

A) Autonomous
B) Humane-oriented
C) Self-protective
D) Participative

Question 36

The questionnaires used in the GLOBE studies were analyzed to determine whether the groupings of cultures were in fact valid. They found that

A) The clusters shared some categories across the cultures
B) The clusters represented are valid and reliable in differentiating cultures of the world
C) The clusters represented are not valid or reliable in differentiating cultures of the world
D) The clusters did have some differentiation but also shared many categories across cultures

Question 37

The GLOBE researchers published data on regional cultural clusters that included how many different countries?

A) 10
B) 32
C) 62
D) 107

Question 38

I incorporate all staff into development of the purpose of our team by using collaborative and diplomatic behaviors. Which of the global leadership behaviors am I using?

A) Charismatic/value based
B) Team-oriented
C) Autonomous
D) Humane oriented

Question 39

In the Anglo cultural cluster, high scores were found in which of the cultural dimensions?

A) Assertiveness orientation
B) Gender egalitarianism
C) Power distance
D) Performance orientation

Question 40

The GLOBE leader behavior of charismatic/value-based leadership is most similar to which transformational leadership factor in the Full Model of Transformational Leadership?

A) Individualized consideration
B) Contingent reward
C) Model the way
D) Idealized influence

Question 41

A strength of the GLOBE studies is

A) No universal leader attributes were agreed upon, just like the trait approach
B) The skill level of leaders was identified among all nine cultural dimensions
C) The data in the studies included quantitative research methods
D) The classification system used Hofstede's five dimensions, which are considered reliable and valid

Question 42

The study of culture and leadership identifies the complex nature of the leadership process and how leadership is influenced by cultures. This statement

A) Is a strength of the GLOBE studies
B) Is a criticism of the GLOBE studies
C) Is an ethnocentric view of leadership
D) Is prejudicial

Question 43

Which global leadership profile cluster does not place a high value on self-protective leadership behavior?

A) Germanic Europe
B) Middle East
C) Confucian Asia
D) Eastern Europe

Question 44

The six global leadership behaviors in the GLOBE studies helped the researchers

A) Identify the leadership behavior profiles of the 10 country clusters
B) Identify the same behaviors from Hofstede's research
C) Identify the cultural dimensions used in GLOBE research
D) Identify the universally desirable attributes in the GLOBE research

Question 45

A definition of culture does not include

A) Individual qualities.
B) Customs and scripts of a group.
C) Traditions that are shared by a group.
D) Learned beliefs and values.

Question 46

According to the Sub-Saharan Africa Anglo culture cluster, the most desirable leader behavior is

A) Charismatic/value-based leadership.
B) Participative leadership.
C) Humane-oriented leadership.
D) Team-oriented leadership.

Question 47

Applications for culture and leadership do not include

A) Can help leaders understand their own cultural biases and preferences.
B) Help our leaders adapt their styles to be more effective in different cultural settings.
C) Can be used to build culturally sensitive websites.
D) Help maximize profit within a locally owned and operated organization.

Question 48

How many cultural dimensions did GLOBE researchers identify?

A) 9
B) 15
C) 12
D) 6

Question 49

The Nordic Europe leadership profile places low importance on which two global leadership behaviors?

A) Participative and Self-protective
B) Autonomous and Charismatic/value-based
C) Self-protective and Participative
D) Humane-oriented and Self-protective

Question 50

One weakness of the culture and leadership research is

A) Self-protective leader behaviors were consistent across all 10 cultural clusters
B) The definitions of some cultural dimensions and leadership behaviors are unclear
C) Hofstede's five dimensions should have been used, not the nine dimensions from GLOBE research
D) The subscales of leadership behaviors showed strong validity but lacked reliability

Question 51

According to the Anglo culture cluster, the least desirable leader behavior is

A) Charismatic/value-based leadership.
B) Participative leadership.
C) Humane-oriented leadership.
D) Self-protective leadership.

Question 52

According to the GLOBE study, which of these is not a cultural dimension?

A) Institutional collectivism
B) In-group collectivism
C) Division of labor
D) Future orientation

Question 53

Universally desirable leadership attributes do not include

A) Effective bargainer.
B) Dictatorial.
C) Plans ahead.
D) Win-win problem solver.

Question 54

The cultural dimension in which organizations encourage and reward members for excellence is

A) Humane orientation.
B) Assertiveness.
C) Power distance.
D) Performance orientation.

Question 55

The leadership profile that places the most importance on charismatic/value-based, team-oriented, and self-protective leader behaviors is

A) Confucian Asia
B) Southern Asia
C) Latin America
D) Latin Europe

Question 56

How does the GLOBE research inform leaders and followers about the different ways in which the various cultural clusters view leadership?

A) The studies identified the four main leadership behaviors in each cluster
B) The studies identified the relative importance of the six behaviors in each cluster
C) The studies compared/contrasted cluster behaviors by similar geographic location
D) The studies compared transformational leader behaviors to the six global leadership behaviors

Question 57

Universally undesirable leadership behaviors include all of the following except

A) Asocial
B) Loner
C) Explicit
D) Dictatorial

Question 58

Five cross-cultural competencies for leaders include all of the following except

A) Being able to adapt to living and communicating in other cultures.
B) Learning the perspectives, trends, and tastes of many cultures.
C) Understanding business, political, and cultural environments worldwide.
D) Teaching the importance of one's own culture to other cultures.

Question 59

According to GLOBE researchers, which of the following statements is false?

A) The Anglo cluster is high in performance orientation and low in in-group collectivism.
B) The Eastern Europe cluster tends to be forceful and supportive of its coworkers.
C) The Latin Europe cluster places value on institutional collectivism and societal goals.
D) The Sub-Saharan Africa cluster tends to place higher concern for family and friends than for themselves.

Question 60

Global leadership behaviors include all of these except

A) Self-directive leadership
B) Team-oriented leadership
C) Participative leadership
D) Autonomous leadership

Question 61

People in the Confucian Asia GLOBE cluster exhibit results-driven orientation and encourage the group to working together over individual goal achievement. People in this cultural cluster exhibited high scores in which cultural dimensions?

A) In-group collectivism
B) Institutional collectivism
C) Humane orientation
D) Performance orientation

Question 62

What was an element that GLOBE used to create regional clusters?

A) Nonverbal communication
B) Personal values
C) Common language
D) Population density

Question 63

According to the Germanic culture cluster, the most desirable leadership behavior is

A) Charismatic/value-based leadership.
B) Participative leadership.
C) Self-protective leadership.
D) Autonomous leadership

Question 64

Globalization has created a need to

A) Attempt to define one worldview on religion
B) Understand how cultural differences affect leadership performance
C) Become cross-culturally aware and competent
D) Create a unified theory of leadership and culture

Question 65

A criticism of the GLOBE research study, cited in the text, is

A) The way the study measured leadership.
B) The narrow scope of the study.
C) Underdeveloped quantitative research design.
D) Classification system is not as expansive as the Hofstede classification system.

Question 66

The GLOBE studies identified a portrait of leader behaviors that almost everyone, in all cultures, would deem exceptional. Which of the following fit into that universally desirable portrait?

A) Integrity
B) Self-protective behaviors
C) Interpersonal skills
D) Charismatic/values orientation

Question 67

Who researched culture and leadership resulting in the GLOBE research program?

A) Adler and Bartholomew
B) Hofstede
C) Lord and Maher
D) House et al.

Question 68

According to the research, the Eastern Europe cluster scored high on

A) In-group collectivism.
B) Future orientation.
C) Performance orientation.
D) Uncertainty avoidance.

Question 69

How many "country clusters" did GLOBE focus its findings on?

A) 10
B) 5
C) 15
D) 20

Question 70

Which of the following interfere(s) with our ability to understand and appreciate the human experience of others?

A) Culture
B) Ethnocentrism
C) Prejudice
D) Diversity

Question 71

Who is (are) the most referenced researcher(s) identifying five major dimensions on which cultures differ?

A) House et al.
B) Adler and Bartholomew
C) Hofstede
D) Lord and Maher

Question 72

Training and development programs using the cultural behaviors, dimensions, and clusters from the GLOBE studies could focus on all except which of the following topics to help leaders be more effective in working with others from different cultures?

A) Teaching cultural sensitivity
B) Helping individuals understand their own cultural biases
C) New employee orientation programs
D) Present stereotypical behaviors from multiple cultures

Question 73

A major factor in the need for increased cross-cultural awareness is

A) Increase of globalization.
B) Environmental issues.
C) Changes in civil rights.
D) Government regulation.

Question 74

The GLOBE research program

A) Was completed at the time of the GLOBE studies publication in 2004
B) Is and ongoing research project
C) Is a qualitative research project
D) Is a quantitative research project

Question 75

Globalization is defined as increased interdependence between nations around which of the following central issues?

A) Economic
B) Technical
C) Religious
D) Political

Question 76

The GLOBE studies identified a portrait of leader attributes that were universally viewed as obstacles to effective leadership. Which of the following fit into that universally undesirable portrait?

A) Benevolent
B) Self-protective behaviors
C) Asocial
D) Charismatic/values orientation

Question 77

Switzerland is often cited as having high degrees of which cultural dimension from the GLOBE studies?

A) Humane orientation
B) Future orientation
C) Gender egalitarianism
D) Institutional collectivism

Question 78

The culture and leadership research presented in the Chapter is applicable to

A) Leadership training and development programs
B) Helping individuals to shape their cultural biases more clearly
C) Helping individuals become more empathic and accurate in communication with others
D) Helping organizations understand other cultures to improve global team effectiveness

Question 79

According to the text, the conceptualization of leadership used by GLOBE was derived in part from

A) Transformational leadership theory.
B) Implicit leadership theory.
C) LMX theory.
D) Transactional theory.

Question 80

Who developed five cross-cultural competencies for leaders?

A) Adler and Bartholomew
B) Hofstede
C) Lord and Maher
D) House et al.