Deck 22: Respiratory System

Question 1

Which of the following respiratory tubes are primarily composed of smooth muscle and determine the flow of air to the alveoli?

A) Trachea
B) Bronchi
C) Bronchioles
D) Nares

Answer 1

Bronchioles

Question 2

The trachea branches into the right and left

A) alveoli.
B) bronchi.
C) nares.
D) pulmonary arteries.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The respiratory passages are lined with

A) pleura.
B) mucous membrane.
C) serous membrane.
D) muscle.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Frontal,maxillary,sphenoidal,and ethmoidal

A) refer to the bones of the thorax.
B) are saliva-secreting glands.
C) are paranasal sinuses.
D) are lined with serous membrane.

Question 5

How is most oxygen transported through the blood?

A) attached to hemoglobin.
B) as bicarbonate.
C) as a surfactant.
D) as a lysozyme.

Question 6

Stimulation of the phrenic and intercostal nerves causes the release of which neurotransmitter into the neuromuscular junction?

A) Adrenaline
B) Norepinephrine
C) Acetylcholine
D) Myosin

Question 7

Bronchiolar constriction is most likely to cause

A) pneumothorax.
B) pulmonary edema.
C) wheezing.
D) laryngitis.

Question 8

Which of the following is the dome-shaped muscle that is the chief muscle of inhalation?

A) Diaphragm
B) Epiglottis
C) Mediastinum
D) Pericardium

Question 9

The lungs are located within the

A) mediastinum.
B) dorsal cavity.
C) spinal cavity.
D) thoracic cavity.

Question 10

What happens when the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax?

A) air moves out of the lungs.
B) inhalation occurs.
C) ventilation ceases.
D) chest volume increases.

Question 11

The diaphragm

A) is smooth muscle that forms the bronchioles.
B) is skeletal muscle.
C) contracts in response to the firing of the vagus nerve.
D) forms the outer lining of the lungs.

Question 12

The pleural membranes

A) line the respiratory passages.
B) form the bronchioles.
C) are serous membranes.
D) are confined to the mediastinum.

Question 13

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

A) Intercostal nerve
B) Sciatic
C) Phrenic
D) Cranial nerve XI

Question 14

Which respiratory muscles are located between the ribs?

A) Diaphragm
B) Bronchiolar smooth muscle
C) Intercostals
D) Sternocleidomastoids

Question 15

The Adam's apple is

A) cartilage.
B) the epiglottis.
C) the primary site of gas exchange.
D) the pharynx.

Question 16

Which structure is called the windpipe and is supported by rings of cartilage?

A) Bronchus
B) Alveolus
C) Pharynx
D) Trachea

Question 17

Contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles

A) stimulates the phrenic and intercostal nerves.
B) decreases thoracic volume.
C) causes air to move out of the lungs.
D) is responsible for inhalation.

Question 18

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the

A) bronchioles.
B) trachea.
C) pulmonary capillaries.
D) eustachian tube.

Question 19

Dyspnea means

A) "puffed up" alveoli.
B) pneumonia.
C) cyanosis.
D) difficulty breathing.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes eupnea?

A) Kussmaul respirations
B) Vital capacity
C) Normal, quiet breathing
D) Hypoxemia

Question 21

Which of the following is most related to the transport of the respiratory gases by the blood?

A) Inhalation, exhalation
B) Oxyhemoglobin, carbaminohemoglobin
C) Inspiration, expiration
D) Breathing in, breathing out

Question 22

Hypoventilation decreases the respiratory excretion of

A) oxygen.
B) water.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) albumin.

Question 23

Boyle's law states the relationship between volume and

A) O2.
B) CO2.
C) pressure.
D) H2O.

Question 24

Which of the following is most likely to cause hypoxemia?

A) Kussmaul respirations
B) Hyperventilation
C) Medullary depression
D) Brain stem stimulation

Question 25

Surfactants are found within the

A) pulmonary capillaries.
B) trachea.
C) alveoli.
D) intrapleural space.

Question 26

Intra-alveolar surface tension is caused by

A) acid.
B) mucus.
C) water.
D) bicarbonate.

Question 27

Which of the following is the major regulator of respiratory activity?

A) PO2
B) PCO2
C) Bicarbonate
D) Albumin

Question 28

Anatomical dead air space is most associated with which structure?

A) Frontal sinus
B) Alveoli
C) Trachea
D) Esophagus

Question 29

Boyle's law forms the basis of

A) ventilation.
B) chemical regulation of breathing.
C) oxygen transport in the blood.
D) carbon dioxide transport in the blood.

Question 30

As plasma PCO₂ increases,

A) hemoglobin synthesis increases.
B) ventilation increases.
C) vital capacity increases.
D) respirations cease.

Question 31

What is the effect of an overdose of an opioid (narcotic)?

A) Alters the shape of the hemoglobin so that it cannot bind to oxygen
B) Depresses the medulla oblongata and depresses ventilation
C) Causes spasm of the epiglottis resulting in an upper airway obstruction
D) Causes hyperventilation and alkalosis

Question 32

The nares,nostrils,and nasal septum

A) are concerned with gas exchange.
B) are located in the upper respiratory tract.
C) contain gustatory organs.
D) are parts of the bronchial tree.

Question 33

Hypoventilation can cause

A) bleeding and hypotension.
B) alkalosis and Kussmaul respirations.
C) hypoxemia and acidosis.
D) hyperglycemia and acidosis.

Question 34

Which of the following is most related to the relaxation of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles?

A) Results from the firing of the inspiratory neurons
B) Caused by the firing of the phrenic and intercostal nerves
C) Decreased thoracic volume
D) Causes air to move into the lungs

Question 35

Which of the following contributes to the wheezing of asthma?

A) Constriction of the bronchiolar smooth muscle
B) Edema of the esophagus
C) Inflammation of the trachea and pharynx
D) Pneumothorax

Question 36

The water molecule is polar,meaning that each end of the molecule has an electrical charge.Because of this characteristic,water

A) has a high surface tension.
B) can only dissolve lipids.
C) is a poor solvent.
D) is lipid-soluble.

Question 37

Which of the following structures is located in the lungs?

A) Pharynx
B) Epiglottis
C) Alveoli
D) Larynx

Question 38

Which of the following is necessary for the lungs to remain expanded?

A) The alveolar cells must secrete surfactant.
B) The intrapulmonic pressure must be negative.
C) The glottis must be closed.
D) The intrapleural pressure must be negative.

Question 39

Which of the following structures controls respirations?

A) Medulla oblongata
B) Basal ganglia
C) Postcentral gyrus
D) Limbic system

Question 40

What is the transport mechanism necessary for the movement of oxygen from the alveoli across the pulmonary capillary membranes into the blood?

A) Osmosis
B) Filtration
C) Diffusion
D) Active transport pump

Question 41

The epiglottis

A) is innervated by the phrenic nerve.
B) prevents air from entering the esophagus.
C) prevents food from entering the trachea.
D) is the Adam's apple.

Question 42

Atelectasis

A) decreases the surface area for gas exchange.
B) causes pneumothorax.
C) causes acute respiratory obstruction.
D) is best treated with antibiotics.

Question 43

The phrenic nerve fires.Which event occurs next?

A) The inspiratory neurons fire.
B) The diaphragm contracts.
C) Air moves into the lungs.
D) Thoracic volume decreases.

Question 44

The central chemoreceptors are primarily sensitive to blood levels of

A) oxygen.
B) carbon dioxide and [H+].
C) sodium.
D) potassium.

Question 45

Which of the following is most likely to cause pulmonary edema?

A) Bronchitis
B) Coryza
C) Exercise-induced asthma
D) Left ventricular heart failure

Question 46

What is the effect of phrenic nerve stimulation?

A) Expiration
B) Relaxation of the diaphragm and the intercostals
C) Inhalation
D) A decrease in chest diameter

Question 47

In reference to a normally expanded lung,the

A) intrapulmonic pressure is less than intrapleural pressure.
B) intrapleural pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
C) intrapulmonic pressure is greater than intrapleural pressure.
D) intrapleural, intrapulmonic, and atmospheric pressures are equal.

Question 48

Which of the following events occurs last?

A) Contraction of the diaphragm and the intercostals
B) Movement of air into the lungs
C) Firing of the inspiratory neurons in the medulla
D) Firing of the phrenic and intercostal nerves

Question 49

The Hering-Breuer reflex

A) prevents overinflation of the lungs.
B) is a chemical reflex; no nerves are involved.
C) is important only in disease states.
D) is concerned only with sneezing and coughing.

Question 50

Which respiratory structure is distal to the trachea and proximal to the alveoli?

A) Pharynx
B) Larynx
C) Bronchus
D) Glottis

Question 51

Activation of the beta₂-adrenergic receptors of the airway

A) causes laryngospasm.
B) constricts the bronchioles.
C) restricts air flow.
D) causes bronchodilation.

Question 52

Laryngospasm is most likely to cause

A) emphysema.
B) pneumothorax.
C) acute respiratory obstruction.
D) asthma.

Question 53

Kussmaul respirations

A) cause hypoxemia.
B) increase PCO2.
C) refer to an acidosis-induced increased respiratory activity.
D) are caused by a decrease in the plasma [H+].

Question 54

Which structure has the thinnest wall?

A) Trachea
B) Bronchi
C) Larynx
D) Alveoli

Question 55

Which event occurs first?

A) The diaphragm contracts.
B) Air moves into the lungs.
C) The phrenic nerve fires.
D) The inspiratory neurons in the medulla fire.

Question 56

What is the effect of curare?

A) Depresses the inspiratory neurons in the medulla oblongata
B) Changes the shape of the hemoglobin so that it cannot bind to oxygen
C) Interferes with the activation of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles by their motor nerves
D) Inactivates acetylcholinesterase

Question 57

In which structure is the PO₂ 104 mm Hg?

A) Pulmonary artery
B) Alveolus
C) Right ventricle
D) Vena cava

Question 58

The trachea is

A) "the problem" in asthma.
B) the site of gas exchange.
C) composed primarily of smooth muscle.
D) a large airway that splits into two bronchi.

Question 59

Which substance greatly reduces the attractive forces among the water molecules lining the alveoli?

A) Lysozyme
B) Converting enzyme
C) Mucus
D) Surfactant

Question 60

Across which structure(s)does most gas exchange occur?

A) Trachea
B) Bronchus
C) Bronchioles
D) Alveoli

Question 61

The lungs contain the

A) inspiratory and expiratory neurons.
B) structures of the bronchial tree.
C) pharynx, larynx, and trachea.
D) pleural membranes.

Question 62

Surfactants

A) prevent collapse of the alveoli.
B) induce anaphylaxis.
C) cause upper respiratory obstruction.
D) decrease thoracic volume.

Question 63

Respirations are primarily controlled by the

A) medulla oblongata.
B) cerebellum.
C) spinal cord.
D) frontal lobe.

Question 64

Which group is incorrect?

A) Structures of the bronchial tree: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
B) Paranasal sinuses: frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, ethmoidal
C) Structures of the upper respiratory tract: trachea, pharynx, larynx
D) Parts of the pharynx: oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 65

Cartilaginous rings

A) prevent the collapse of the trachea.
B) surround each alveolus.
C) are innervated by the phrenic nerve.
D) attach the diaphragm to the thoracic wall.

Question 66

Which of the following describes Boyle's law?

A) An increase in thoracic volume causes an increase in intrapulmonic pressure.
B) There is no relationship between intrapulmonic pressure and thoracic volume.
C) An increase in thoracic volume decreases intrapulmonic pressure.
D) An increase in thoracic volume forces air out of the lungs.

Question 67

Inspiratory and expiratory neurons

A) are located within the respiratory control center in the brain stem.
B) are sensitive primarily to PO2.
C) line the breathing tubes, especially the bronchioles.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 68

A preterm infant is most likely to develop respiratory distress because of

A) bacterial pneumonia.
B) a deficiency of surfactant.
C) excess mucus in the upper airways.
D) an inability of the immature diaphragm to contract.

Question 69

Which of the following occurs on exhalation?

A) Respiratory expiratory neurons fire.
B) The diaphragm relaxes.
C) Thoracic volume decreases.
D) All of the above occur.

Question 70

The respiratory tract

A) includes the mouth, pharynx, trachea, and esophagus.
B) contains conductance, resistance, and exchange structures.
C) is lined with serous pleural membranes and cilia.
D) begins with the nose and mouth and ends at the bronchioles.

Question 71

Which of the following is most likely to stimulate coughing that may be accompanied by a life-threatening bradycardia?

A) Suctioning of the lower airways
B) Administration of albuterol (a beta2-adrenergic agonist) via inhalation
C) Administration of O2 via nasal cannula
D) Performance of a thoracentesis

Question 72

Which of the following occurs on inhalation?

A) Air moves into the intrapulmonic space.
B) Thoracic volume increases.
C) The diaphragm contracts.
D) All of the above occur.

Question 73

Which of the following statements is true of the right bronchus?

A) Food and small objects are more likely to be aspirated into the right bronchus because it is more vertical and larger than the left bronchus.
B) The right bronchus has an opening to the pleural cavity.
C) Oxygen content is higher in the right bronchus than the left bronchus.
D) The right bronchus is bigger than the left bronchus, so it has higher levels of carbon dioxide.

Question 74

Which of the following best describes the visceral and parietal pleura?

A) Line the inner wall of the trachea and bronchi
B) Line the mediastinum
C) Are serous membranes that line the pleural cavity
D) Are surfactant-secreting membranes

Question 75

The pneumotaxic center and apneustic center are located within the

A) aortic bodies.
B) alveoli.
C) pons.
D) spinal cord.

Question 76

Contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

A) change thoracic volume.
B) close the glottis.
C) occur in response to firing of the vagus nerve.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 77

The collection of mucus in the lower airways is most likely to cause

A) laryngospasm.
B) pneumothorax.
C) atelectasis.
D) pharyngitis.

Question 78

Which group is incorrect?

A) Pulmonary volumes: tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve
B) Structures of the bronchial tree: bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
C) Respiratory gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide
D) Parts of the pharynx: oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, bronchiopharynx

Question 79

Severing the phrenic nerve

A) stops ventilation.
B) impairs exhalation but has no effect on inhalation.
C) causes hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis.
D) does all of the above.

Question 80

Most CO₂ is transported in the blood

A) by the hemoglobin, as carbaminohemoglobin.
B) by megakaryocytes.
C) loosely bound to the iron molecule in heme.
D) as bicarbonate.