Deck 11: Intellectual Disability

Question 1

In 2010, President Obama signed Rosa's Law. This law changed the terminology in federal law from mental retardation to intellectual disability.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) defines subaverage intellectual functioning as having intelligence test scores that fall about two or more standard deviations below the mean on standardized tests of intelligence.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities classifies retardation according to four levels of severity of retardation.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

According to the DSM-IV classification of intellectual disability, about 85 percent of cases of MR fall into the mild level of retardation.

Question 5

Historically, intellectual functioning was considered low enough for intellectual disability when the intelligence test score fell only one standard deviation below the mean.

Question 6

Alfred Binet viewed intelligence as a stable, biologically predetermined attribute of the individual.

Question 7

Scores from intelligence tests such as the Stanford?Binet and the Wechsler tests are moderately stable, with test-retest correlations averaging .77.

Question 8

The everyday behaviors of people, which are measured by adaptive behavior scales, are unrelated to their intelligence as measured by general tests of intelligence.

Question 9

Abnormalities in physical appearance and function are especially associated with more severe levels of intellectual disability.

Question 10

Children with moderate or high levels of disability are able to learn through operant conditioning but youngsters of lower levels of retardation lack this disability.

Question 11

The kinds of behavioral problems shown by youth with retardation are notably different than those shown by the general population of youth.

Question 12

When children below school age are identified with intellectual disability, they tend to display mild delay.

Question 13

A person who is diagnosed with intellectual disability might only meet that criteria for a certain portion of his or her lifetime. It is possible to develop adequate intellectual or adaptive skills so that the criteria for the disorder are no longer met.

Question 14

The rate of development in intellectual disability is slower than typical development, but often steady.

Question 15

Research has proven that children with intellectual disability do not follow the Piagetian model of cognition.

Question 16

Biological or organic risk is more strongly related to severe intellectual disability than to mild intellectual disability.

Question 17

The Kallikak family study conducted by Goddard was designed to prove that intellectual disability is an inherited trait that runs in families.

Question 18

Research indicates that the IQ scores of siblings of individuals with intellectual disability are more consistent (similar to the person with ID) when the level of impairment is mild.

Question 19

Parenting is not a strong predictor of cognitive and academic performance.

Question 20

Most cases by far of Down syndrome are caused by the presence of three, instead of two, copies of chromosome 21.

Question 21

Research by Bailey et al., (2009) found that individuals with Fragile X tend to have strong daily living skills and weak communication skills.

Question 22

Individuals with Williams syndrome tend to have IQs in the severe range of intellectual disability.

Question 23

Williams syndrome is associated with musical aptitude and an outgoing personality.

Question 24

Prader-Willi syndrome is the most common cause of intellectual disability.

Question 25

Reconstructive facial surgery for children with Down syndrome is a widely accepted practice.

Question 26

Research clearly indicates that facial reconstruction surgery for children with Down syndrome decreases the stigmatization they may encounter.

Question 27

When comorbid with behavioral problems, intellectual disability in children is often correlated with parental stress, depression and anxiety.

Question 28

The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence III (WPPSI-III) is a comprehensive cognitive measure for children birth to age 4.

Question 29

Communication, daily living skills, motor skills, and socialization are areas evaluated by the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales.

Question 30

The case of the "Wild Boy of Aveyron" did much to delay progress and discussion in the treatment of intellectual disability.

Question 31

The concept of normalization contends that each individual has the right to life experiences that are as normal and least restrictive as possible.

Question 32

Detection of PKU has aided in efforts to prevent intellectual disabilities .

Question 33

Recent research concludes that premature newborns receiving body massage and exercise gain weight and leave the hospital faster than preemies receiving no intervention.

Question 34

Research on Head Start found that children in the program did not differ from children who did not receive services in regard to cognitive and social benefits.

Question 35

As a result of IDEA, most young people diagnosed with ID are solely into regular education classrooms, spending 60% or more of their day with general education students.

Question 36

The case study on Jim, the young man with multiple disabilities at birth, demonstrates the importance of parents advocating for their children.

Question 37

Research on parents of children with severe intellectual disability indicates that 90% believe full inclusion for their child is a good idea.

Question 38

Being in the presence of normally developing peers has been shown to facilitate social interaction for intellectually disabled children.

Question 39

There is no evidence that participation in the Special Olympics has a significant impact on self- esteem.

Question 40

Positive Behavioral Support (PBS) relies heavily on functional assessment.

Question 41

When Jimmy bites himself, his teacher withdraws her request that he complete an in-class assignment. This is an example of a positive reinforcer.

Question 42

Jimmy's teacher decides to begin reinforcing Jimmy's on-task behavior and ignoring him when he bites himself. She is monitoring his reactions to these interventions. This is called functional analysis.

Question 43

The aim of Functional Communication Training is to teach children to replace a maladaptive behavior with an adaptive behavior.

Question 44

There is a great deal of research to support the use of psychotherapy with individuals who have intellectual disability.

Question 45

In their study on the term "retard", Siperstein, Pociask and Collins (2010) found

A)10 percent of study participants had heard a person call someone a "retard".
B)None of the study participants had ever heard a person call someone with intellectual disabilities a "retard".
C)20 percent of the participants reported they had used to term to refer to a person with intellectual disabilities.
D)Males were more likely to oppose the term than females.

Question 46

The AAIDD diagnosis of intellectual disability requires

A) the onset of symptoms prior to age 12.
B) a score of 80 or less on a standardized test of intelligence.
C) neurological findings suggesting retardation.
D) adaptive skill deficits in at least two areas.

Question 47

The relatively recent paradigm shift taken by the AAIDD argues that

A) ID must be understood as interactions between a person with limited intelligence and his or her environment.
B) ID must be understood as a problem in motivation by a person with limited intelligence.
C) most cases of intellectual disability are attributable to organic variables.
D) most cases of intellectual disability are attributable to family variables.

Question 48

The AAIDD no longer categorizes individuals with cognitive impairment by levels of delay but rather by

A) age groups.
B) social class.
C) levels of needed environmental supports.
D) levels of brain dysfunction.

Question 49

Most present definitions of ID suggest which approximate criterion on tests of general intelligence?

A) One or more standard deviations below the mean
B) Two or more standard deviations below the mean
C) A score of about 85
D) A score of about 65

Question 50

Which of the following is a level of intellectual disability set by the DSM-IV on the basis of intelligence test scores?

A) Medium intellectual disability
B) Significant intellectual disability
C) Trainable retardation
D) Moderate retardation

Question 51

The DSM-IV category of moderate ID is equivalent to which category in the education system?

A) Trainable
B) Profoundly handicapped
C) Educable
D) Severely handicapped

Question 52

Alfred Binet

A) believed that intelligence was somewhat malleable.
B) focused on the biological causes of mental deficiency.
C) adopted the idea of the intelligence quotient as an indicator of intelligence test performance.
D) argued for the usefulness of eugenics.

Question 53

The __________________ approach focuses more on the products of intellectual and cognitive abilities and views intelligence as consisting of a general ability and numerous specific abilities.

A) AAIDD
B) educational
C) psychometric
D) information processing

Question 54

The term eugenics refers to

A) the origins of individual differences.
B) improvement of a species through control of inheritance.
C) the effort to normalize the experiences of youth with ID.
D) the effort to create ideal environments for youth with ID.

Question 55

Who was responsible for construction of the first Stanford-Binet test of intelligence?

A) Binet
B) Simon
C) Stanford
D) Terman

Question 56

Nina is an 8-year-old who has an IQ of 75. What is her mental age?

A) 6
B) 7
C) 8
D) 9

Question 57

Which case resulted in restrictions on the use of intelligence tests for placing black children in special education in California?

A) Buck v. Bell
B) Brown v. Board of Education
C) Collins v. Delano
D) Larry P. v. Riles

Question 58

Which of the following is true of intelligence tests?

A) The tests are criticized for being culturally biased.
B) Tests scores do not predict academic achievement.
C) Tests scores are not related to later employment and income.
D) Test scores in the population remain stable over time.

Question 59

Intelligence test performance is _____ stable for persons with intellectual disability than for nondisabled persons, especially for _____.

A) more; the mildly disabled
B) more; the severely disabled
C) less; the mildly disabled
D) less; the severely disabled

Question 60

Intelligence tests are to _____ as adaptive behavior scales are to _____.

A) Binet; Doll
B) Doll; Terman
C) Terman; Stanford
D) Stanford; Binet

Question 61

What is the relationship between measures of adaptive behavior and intelligence?

A) There is no relationship at all.
B) There is some overlap, but adaptive behavior and intelligence are not identical.
C) There is a strong relationship, which implies that these measures tap the same abilities.
D) There is no evidence about this relationship.

Question 62

Danny displays mild intellectual disability. Thus, Danny

A) has an IQ in the 35-40 to 50-55 range.
B) will probably achieve no more than second grade academic skills.
C) will probably attend a residential school.
D) will probably achieve adult vocational and social skills for self support.

Question 63

The case study on Annalise who exhibited profound intellectual delay, demonstrated which of the following?

A) The fact that profound intellectual delay is not typically recognized until the child enters school.
B) The fact that profound intellectual delay is often most attributed to socio-cultural factors.
C) The fact that individuals with profound intellectual delay often perform fairly well socially.
D) The fact that individuals with profound intellectual delay often have significant medical problems.

Question 64

Which is true of individuals with intellectual delay?

A) Cognitive processing has been studied primarily in individuals with severe disability.
B) Of the many processing abilities examined, attention is one for which there are few deficits.
C) Their lifespan is typically shorter than the average lifespan.
D) Social skills are significantly delayed for all individuals with intellectual disability.

Question 65

The rate of behavioral problems for youth with intellectual disability is _____ the rate found in the general population.

A) half
B) 2 to 4 times
C) 6-8 times
D) 10-12 times

Question 66

Behavioral and emotional disorders in youngsters with intellectual disability

A) may be difficult to identify due to overshadowing.
B) follow a different developmental trajectory.
C) are consistent across levels of intellectual disability.
D) are easy to identify due to the severe nature of the problems.

Question 67

Research indicates that the prevalence of ID is

A) no different for boys and girls.
B) no different across socioeconomic groups.
C) higher for school-age youth than for other age groups.
D) consistent across geographic areas in the U.S.

Question 68

Etiology is unknown for what percentage of the more severe cases of intellectual disability?

A) 75
B) 45 to 50
C) 5 to 10
D) 10 to 20

Question 69

Which level of ID has been associated with the terms garden variety or undifferentiated delay?

A) Mild
B) Moderate
C) Severe
D) Profound

Question 70

About what percentage of the variation in intelligence test scores in the general population is due to inheritance?

A) 25
B) 50
C) 65
D) 75

Question 71

Which of the following is a bio-medical cause or risk for intellectual disability?

A) Poverty
B) Maternal malnutrition
C) Parental drug use
D) Prematurity

Question 72

Research has documented the association of certain genetic syndromes with specific sets of behaviors. Which term has been applied to this finding?

A) Behavioral genotype
B) Behavioral phenotype
C) Genetic variance
D) Genetic mutuality

Question 73

Which of the following is true regarding Down syndrome?

A) These individuals tend to have enlarged brains.
B) There is evidence that synaptic pruning does not occur.
C) Abnormal plaques and tangles are common in these individuals by age 40.
D) Additional heath problems are rare .

Question 74

Research on Down syndrome has established that

A) cognitive impairment is usually in the moderate to severe range.
B) the prevalence of cases decreases with maternal age.
C) life expectancy is about 40 years.
D) pragmatic language and social skills are especially impaired.

Question 75

Which is of the following is true of fragile X syndrome?

A) Males inherit the disorder from their fathers.
B) The range of impairment id dependent on the number of repeats on the FMR1 gene.
C) It is the number one known cause of intellectual disability.
D) Females tend to have a more severe form of the syndrome.

Question 76

"The Down Syndrome Advantage" pertains to

A) the idea that individuals with Down Syndrome tend to grow out of the cognitive impairment.
B) the idea that individuals with Down Syndrome tend to have a longer life span than the average person.
C) the idea that individuals with Down Syndrome collect more from social security/disability than those with other syndromes.
D) the idea that individuals with Down Syndrome are easier to parent than children with other syndromes.

Question 77

Which genetic syndrome is especially associated with striking deficits in visual-spatial skills and fluent language skills?

A) Fragile X syndrome
B) Down syndrome
C) Polygene syndrome
D) Williams syndrome

Question 78

Which is true regarding Prader-Willi syndrome?

A) The intellectual deficits are in the severe range.
B) Hyperphagia is often present.
C) Most cases are caused by both chromosome 15s being inherited from the mother.
D) Cases due to paternal deletion on chromosome 15 demonstrate higher intellectual functioning.

Question 79

Developmental (infant) tests of intelligence

A) may substitute for intelligence tests when the impairment is severe.
B) correlate strongly with later performance on intelligence tests.
C) rely heavily on language skills.
D) rely heavily on abstract thinking skills.

Question 80

On which intelligence test does the examinee achieve scores in Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual -Spatial Processing, and Working Memory?

A) Wechsler
B) Bayley
C) Stanford-Binet
D) Vineland