Deck 5: Classification, Assessment, and Intervention

Question 1

The agreement by a group of experts that certain characteristics or symptoms occur together is the basis for clinically derived classification systems.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The formal classification of children's disorders has a long history. It dates back to the inclusion of numerous categories of childhood disorders in Kraepelin's original taxonomy.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The clinicians at a particular agency find a certain diagnostic system easy to use with the clients. Diagnoses are also available for all the cases they see. This suggests that the diagnostic system has good clinical utility.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

An indication of the validity of a diagnostic system is whether or not it provides information we did not have when we defined a category.

Question 5

The DSM-IV utilizes a dimensional approach to classification.

Question 6

A clinician using the DSM selects from among diagnoses included on two axes and evaluates the youngster on three additional axes.

Question 7

It is unusual for a child to have more than one DSM-IV-TR diagnosis.

Question 8

There is controversy regarding the categorical nature of the DSM-IV-TR.

Question 9

Cross cutting is used to assess areas of clinical importance that are not necessarily part of the diagnostic criteria of the client's particular diagnosis.

Question 10

The empirical approach to classification uses a panel of clinical experts to determine clusters of behavior.

Question 11

Normative data for the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Teacher Report Form (TRF), and the Youth Self Report (YSR) can compare a child's scores with a nonreferred youngster's score.

Question 12

Kateri often complains of headaches and stomachaches. She is also characteristically shy and fearful in most situations. She could be described as displaying an internalizing syndrome.

Question 13

Kyle gets in fights and is often mean to others. He appears to lack guilt and has aggressive friends. He could be described as displaying an internalizing syndrome.

Question 14

Labeling can lead to stigmatization and social difficulties.

Question 15

On the Child Behavior Checklist, the average correlation between teacher and parent ratings on the same child is .35.

Question 16

Based on the case study of Alicia reported in the textbook, assessments are useful only for discovering weaknesses or problems.

Question 17

In the assessment of a child who is referred to a clinic, it is best to rely on information from one source so as not to get conflicting information.

Question 18

Clinicians rarely interview very young children because children are unable to provide valuable information.

Question 19

The first step in any behavioral observation system involves explicitly pinpointing and defining behaviors.

Question 20

The concept upon which projective tests are based derives from the social learning notion that children learn to project their impulses.

Question 21

A child with an IQ of 100 on a standard test of intelligence would probably be considered of average intelligence.

Question 22

Developmental scales like the Bayley Scales of Infant Development are insightful because they are highly correlated with later intellectual functioning.

Question 23

Evaluation of heart rate, muscle tension, and respiration rates are examples of psychophysiological assessments.

Question 24

In neuropsychological assessment no direct examination of physiological functioning is made. Rather, possible neurological deficits are inferred from performance on various tasks.

Question 25

Intervention includes prevention and treatment.

Question 26

Universal prevention strategies are targeted to high risk individuals who show minimal symptoms.

Question 27

Treatment often involves not only the child but also family members, peers, and school personnel.

Question 28

Melanie Klein's approach is the dominant view in play therapy.

Question 29

Cherise has just been diagnosed with an eating disorder. It is unlikely that her family will be involved in her treatment.

Question 30

In working with a youngster, a therapist is likely to rely on a single mode of treatment.

Question 31

Psychotropic drugs produce therapeutic effects by their influence on the process of neurotransmission.

Question 32

By the terms classification and _______ we mean delineating major categories or dimensions of behavior disorders for either scientific or clinical purposes.

A) taxonomy
B) assessment
C) validity
D) tomography

Question 33

In considering systems of classification, the terms category and dimension are distinguished by

A) a category is continuous whereas a dimension is a discrete grouping.
B) a dimension is continuous whereas a category is a discrete grouping.
C) categories are for scientific classification whereas dimensions are for clinical classification.
D) dimensions are for scientific classification whereas categories are for clinical classification.

Question 34

After assessing Billy, three different clinicians all agree on his diagnosis. This suggests that the diagnostic system the clinicians used has good

A) etiological validity.
B) predictive validity.
C) interrater reliability.
D) test-retest reliability.

Question 35

A measure of the stability of a diagnosis over time is called

A) concurrent validity.
B) predictive validity.
C) interrater reliability.
D) test-retest reliability.

Question 36

The ____________ of a classification system is judged by how complete and useful it is.

A) reliability
B) taxonomy
C) validity
D) clinical utility

Question 37

A categorical approach to classification assumes that the difference between normal and pathological is

A) one of kind rather than degree and that distinctions are made between quantitatively different types of disorders.
B) one of kind rather than degree and that distinctions are made between qualitatively different types of disorders.
C) one of degree rather than kind and that distinctions are made between quantitatively different types of disorders.
D) one of degree rather than kind and that distinctions are made between qualitatively different types of disorders.

Question 38

Which axis is used to note psychosocial and environmental problems when diagnosing using the DSM system?

A) Axis I
B) Axis II
C) Axis III
D) Axis IV

Question 39

Which of the following diagnoses would be placed on Axis II?

A) Intellectual disability
B) Depression
C) Autism
D) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Question 40

In the case study of Kevin in the textbook, where was Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder listed ?

A) Axis I
B) Axis II
C) Axis III
D) Axis IV

Question 41

If an individual is given a global assessment of functioning score of 30, which of the following is likely true?

A) The individual is exhibiting superior functioning.
B) The individual has some impairment in almost all areas.
C) The individual has generally good functioning with difficulty in only a couple of areas.
D) The individual is uncooperative and functioning cannot be determined.

Question 42

The term comorbidity refers to

A) a child meeting the criteria for more than one disorder.
B) two children in a family having the same disorder.
C) a child and parent having the same disorder.
D) two disorders having some of the same cause.

Question 43

Comorbidity or co-occurrence of disorders in children and adolescents is

A) quite common.
B) very rare.
C) not possible using the DSM system.
D) common for females but not for males.

Question 44

Which of the following has been expressed as a concern regarding the DSM classification system?

A) There are not enough diagnoses to adequately assess children.
B) The emphasis on validity and reliability has been detrimental.
C) The cultural context has been overemphasized.
D) The classification system used by the DSM can be misleading.

Question 45

________________ refers to groups of disorders that are thought to share certain psychological and biological qualities.

A) Dimension
B) Classification
C) Spectrum
D) Syndrome

Question 46

A ________________ describes behaviors that tend to occur together.

A)diagnosis
B)syndrome
C)dimension
D)spectrum

Question 47

Two broad syndromes of childhood disorders (referred to as X and Y) have been identified by empirical approaches. Which pairs of terms have been employed to label these two broad syndromes?

A) X: internalizing or overcontrolled versus Y: externalizing or conduct disorder
B) X: internalizing or undercontrolled versus Y: externalizing or conduct disorder
C) X: undercontrolled or anxiety-withdrawal versus Y: overcontrolled or internalizing
D) X: internalizing or anxiety-withdrawal versus Y: overcontrolled or conduct disorder

Question 48

Which of the following is one of the narrowband syndromes identified for the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)?

A) Assertive
B) Thought problems
C) Phobias
D) Suicidal

Question 49

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding empirical approaches to classification?

A) Norms do not exist for different age and gender groups.
B) Agreement between different kinds of raters (e.g., teachers and parents) on a child's scores is very high.
C) The validity of the broad-band distinctions is questionable since different broad-band syndromes emerge when different types of people complete the instruments.
D) The finding that scores from clinic samples differ from nonclinic samples supports the validity of this approach.

Question 50

Which of the following statements regarding diagnostic labels is part of the concern with the impact of such labeling?

A) Diagnostic labels have a social impact as well as a clinical and scientific purpose.
B) Diagnostic labels do not influence observer expectations regarding the child who is labeled.
C) Diagnostic labels do not help to provide adults with an explanation or understanding of the child's behavior.
D) Diagnostic labels do not lead to generalizations about the characteristics of all children receiving a particular label.

Question 51

According to the textbook, stigmatization has three components. These include:

A) branding, dismissing, and rejecting
B) suspending, suspicion, and social isolation
C) deducing, compiling, and illusion
D) stereotyping, devaluing, and discriminating

Question 52

_______________ relies on empirical evidence and theory to guide an evaluation and selected instruments.

A) Classification approach assessment
B) Multidimensional assessment
C) Evidence based assessment
D) Judgment based assessment

Question 53

The most common form of assessment is

A) the projective test.
B) the general clinical interview.
C) the structured interview.
D) structured observations.

Question 54

Structured interviews have been developed to

A) create more open-ended interviews.
B) create more reliable interviews.
C) avoid diagnoses such as DSM-IV.
D) be useful for individuals rather than for large populations.

Question 55

The Diagnostic Interview for Children and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children are examples of

A) schedules of how to time assessments for children.
B) schedules of when in the therapeutic process the young child should be seen.
C) general clinical interviews.
D) structured interviews.

Question 56

The greatest impediment to the utility of direct observational assessment is probably

A) reactivity.
B) test-retest reliability.
C) observer bias.
D) interrater reliability.

Question 57

Which of the following is an example of a projective test?

A) Rorschach
B) Stanford Binet
C) Child Behavior Checklist
D) Bayley Scales

Question 58

In projective tests the term "projective" refers to the fact that

A) the test is trying to project into the future.
B) the test is looking for positive attributes in the child.
C) the test is derived from ideas related to a particular psychoanalytic defense mechanism.
D) the test makes use of visual aids (e.g., slides) that the child is asked to respond to.

Question 59

The Stanford-Binet, the Wechsler tests, and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children are all examples of

A) group administered intelligence tests.
B) individually administered intelligence tests.
C) achievement tests.
D) neuropsychological tests.

Question 60

Developmental scales emphasize

A) language and communication.
B) sensorimotor and simple social skills.
C) abstract reasoning abilities.
D) number and relational concepts.

Question 61

Which of the following is an example of an academic achievement test?

A) Stanford Binet
B) The Wechsler scales
C) Roberts Apperception Test for Children
D) Iowa Test of Basic Skills

Question 62

_________________ examine the rate of activity of different parts of the brain by assessing the use of oxygen and glucose.

A) MRI methods
B) Electroencephalographs
C) PET scans
D) CAT scans

Question 63

Which of the following is likely to be employed as part of a neuropsychological assessment?

A) the Halstead-Reitan
B) the Rorschach
C) Bellak's CAT
D) PET scan

Question 64

Which of the following statements regarding direct neurological assessment and neuropsychological assessment is correct?

A) Neurological assessment indirectly evaluates neurological functioning, whereas neuropsychological assessment directly evaluates it.
B) Neurological assessment directly evaluates neurological functioning, whereas neuropsychological assessment indirectly evaluates it.
C) Neuropsychological assessment would not be used to differentiate learning disabled youngsters from normal learners.
D) The use of neurological assessment with children has decreased with the development of the computer.

Question 65

___________ refers to interventions targeting individuals who are not yet experiencing symptoms of a disorder.

A)Indirect assessment
B)Prevention
C)Treatment
D)Evaluation

Question 66

Which of the following is described as a "nipping in the bud" strategy in the textbook?

A)Primary prevention
B)Secondary prevention
C)Tertiary prevention
D)Universal prevention

Question 67

Play therapy

A) is most likely to be used with children in the upper elementary school grades or older who are able to play the role of another person.
B) often uses play as a way to adapt more verbal psychotherapeutic approaches to children in order to facilitate communication.
C) is used primarily with children who experience play difficulties with their peers.
D) is used to allow treatment to approximate the mother-child relationship.

Question 68

Which of the following used play as the basis for psychoanalytic interpretation (e.g., a child opening a purse during play represents a desire to explore the womb)?

A) Melanie Klein
B) Anna Freud
C) Grace Fernald
D) Virginia Axline

Question 69

The term psychopharmacological treatment refers to

A) medications used to treat psychosis.
B) treatments used to treat drug-induced psychosis.
C) medications that are thought to affect mood, thought, or behavior.
D) treatment of psychologically based substance abuse.

Question 70

Which of the following is true regarding the pharmacological treatment of children?

A) Research indicates a higher usage of medications for African American and Latino children.
B) The rate of medication usage in children and adolescents has decreased.
C) Medications are rarely prescribed for children until they are proven to be safe and useful.
D) High income and private insurance are associated with a greater likelihood of medication use.

Question 71

The term empirically supported treatments refers to

A) treatments that are paid for by research funds.
B) treatments for which there is adequate research support regarding effectiveness.
C) treatments that are used to collect research data.
D) treatments based on a particular theoretical position.

Question 72

Define these terms: classification, taxonomy, diagnosis, and assessment. How are these concepts related?

Question 73

Explain the concepts of interrater reliability, test retest reliability, and validity in regard to classification.

Question 74

Briefly define what is meant by the term comorbidity and describe two different reasons that this phenomenon might occur.

Question 75

Describe the concerns that exist regarding DSM classification systems.

Question 76

What are the two broad-band syndromes identified by empirical approaches to classification? Briefly describe the kinds of behaviors characteristic of each.

Question 77

The correlations of Achenbach scores obtained from different informants (regarding the same youngster)can be calculated. Describe two things, beyond issues of the reliability of the instruments, that may impact interrater reliability.

Question 78

Discuss the pros and cons of labeling.

Question 79

What are the differences between structured and unstructured clinical interviews?

Question 80

Describe the issue of reactivity with respect to behavioral observation. Briefly report on two procedures that might be employed to reduce reactivity.