Deck 3: Biological and Environmental Contexts of Psychopathology

Question 1

The development of the brain and nervous system begins relatively late in the embryonic period.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Together, the brain and spinal cord form the central nervous system (CNS).

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The two subsystems of the peripheral nervous system are the somatic system and the autonomic system.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The medulla, located in the hindbrain, is involved in movement and cognitive processing.

Question 5

The small gap between neurons is called the axon.

Question 6

Neurotransmitters can excite or inhibit neurons.

Question 7

The term perinatal refers to the period of time during pregnancy.

Question 8

Research indicates that the fetus is surprisingly resistant to high levels of maternal stress.

Question 9

Timing of exposure to teratogens can have varying effects.

Question 10

From the moment of conception, development is influenced by constitutional, economic, social, and cultural factors.

Question 11

The overall rate of prematurity in the U.S. is 25%.

Question 12

The notion that a child's nervous system is "plastic" refers to the seeming artificial manner in which the child is behaving.

Question 13

A person's observable characteristics are referred to as his or her phenotype.

Question 14

Recent research indicates that the human genome can be modified by exposure to environmental toxins.

Question 15

In order for a dominant gene to be expressed, it has to be genetically transmitted by both parents.

Question 16

The intellectual stimulation offered in a family is an example of a shared environmental influence.

Question 17

Reinforcing a nonverbal child to first make sounds, then to say words, then to say sentences is an example of generalization.

Question 18

Negative reinforcement results in a decrease in the behavior it follows.

Question 19

The lack of forethought and planning exhibited by an impulsive child is an example of a cognitive distortion.

Question 20

Two dimensions of parenting styles that have been identified are acceptance/warmth and degree of control.

Question 21

Research indicates that parental psychopathology is only influential when the child inherits vulnerability genes.

Question 22

The only major forms of maltreatment are physical, sexual, and emotional abuse.

Question 23

Over one million youth a year experience divorce.

Question 24

Multiple divorces increase the child's risk for adjustment problems.

Question 25

Research on the effects of divorce on children indicates that the effects are clearly greater on boys.

Question 26

Authoritarian/restrictive parenting is associated with positive social behavior and peer acceptance.

Question 27

Young people experience higher rates of poverty than any other age group.

Question 28

Hanson and colleagues (2011) found a direct association between poverty and the volume of gray matter of the hippocampus.

Question 29

According to Tienda and Haskins (2011), in 2008 almost 25% of youth age 17 and under lived with an immigrant parent.

Question 30

Which of the following is true regarding brain development?

A)Neurons chemically transmit impulses within the nervous system and to other parts of the body.
B)Myelin is a neurotransmitter associated with inducing sleep.
C)The human brain is fully developed by adolescence.
D)The various areas of the brain develop simultaneously.

Question 31

The __________ has two branches, the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, and is the part of the nervous system that helps regulate arousal and emotions.

A) peripheral nervous system
B) somatic nervous system
C) autonomic nervous system
D) voluntary nervous system

Question 32

The brain has three major divisions:

A) forebrain, thalamus, cerebellum.
B) cerebellum, cortex, limbic system.
C) hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain.
D) hippocampus, amygdale, forebrain.

Question 33

The ___________, which includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and parts of the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, and hypothalamus, plays a central role in memory and the regulation of emotions and biological urges.

A) limbic system
B) libido system
C) hindbrain system
D) autonomic system

Question 34

The part of the brain that is involved in higher mental functioning, including information processing, learning, and memory is the

A) thalamus.
B) hypothalamus.
C) cerebellum.
D) cerebral hemispheres.

Question 35

___________receive chemical messages from other neurons.

A) Axons
B) Dendrites
C) Synaptic vesicles
D) Nuclei

Question 36

Norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine are all examples of

A) bodily humors.
B) synaptic clefts.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) growth hormones.

Question 37

A toxic substance that may cause damage to the developing fetus is known as a

A) placenta.
B) barrier.
C) teratogen.
D) diathesis.

Question 38

The exposure of the developing fetus to alcohol consumed by the mother is an example of a

A) prenatal influence.
B) perinatal influence.
C) postnatal influence.
D) genetic influence.

Question 39

Mr. and Mrs. Smith have recently adopted Jimmy, age 9. They do not know much about his birth history. They are concerned because Jimmy exhibits slow growth and poor motor skills. He also has small eyes and a thin upper lip. Finally, Jimmy seems to have difficulty learning and is quite hyperactive. His pediatrician suspects that

A)Jimmy was exposed to lead early in life.
B)Jimmy's mother had Rubella while pregnant with Jimmy.
C)Jimmy's mother drank while pregnant with Jimmy.
D)Jimmy was born breech.

Question 40

Anoxia at the time of birth is an example of a

A) prenatal influence.
B) perinatal influence.
C) postnatal influence.
D) genetic influence.

Question 41

The genetic code is the basis for the ____________ or synthesis of messenger RNA.

A)translocation
B)transmission
C)transference
D)transcription

Question 42

The genetic code on DNA is made up of which of the following nucleotides?

A) Guanine
B) Glycolic acid
C) Glucose
D) Glutamate

Question 43

Many complex human characteristics, such as intelligence and behaviors implicated in behavior disorders, are believed to be associated with

A) a single gene.
B) a single gene in combination with environmental influences.
C) multiple genes.
D) multiple genes in combination with environmental influences.

Question 44

Tom has been diagnosed with a particular disorder as a result of behavior genetic research. Tom's relatives are examined to determine if they resemble Tom with respect to this disorder. In this research, Tom is described as the _______.

A) proband or index case
B) concordant or the genetic base proband
C) monozygote or dyzygote
D) first degree relative

Question 45

In twin studies, genetic influence is suggested when

A) monozygotic twins are more concordant than dyzygotic twins.
B) dyzygotic twins are more concordant than monozygotic twins.
C) there is no difference between monozygotic and dyzygotic twins.
D) the twins are more concordant with non twin siblings than each other.

Question 46

Children who have disorder X and were adopted at birth are studied to determine the degree of genetic contribution to disorder X. Which of the following results is most likely to support the hypothesis of genetic influence in the etiology of disorder X?

A) The rate of the disorder in these adopted children is the same as in the general population.
B) The rate of the disorder is greater in the biological siblings of these children than in adoptive siblings.
C) The rate of the disorder is greater in the adoptive siblings of these children than in their biological siblings.
D) The rate of the disorder is the same in the biological and adoptive siblings of these children.

Question 47

Results from behavior genetic research suggest that heritability estimates for behavioral disorders

A) rarely exceed 10 percent.
B) rarely exceed 50 percent.
C) frequently exceed 50 percent.
D) frequently exceed 75 percent.

Question 48

Which of the following are two major molecular genetic research methods?

A) linkage analysis and association analysis
B) linkage analysis and adoption studies
C) linkage analysis and twin designs
D) association analysis and adoption studies

Question 49

The term _________ refers to differential sensitivity to experience due to differences in genotype.

A) gene-environment interaction
B) gene-environment correlation
C) linkage analysis
D) association analysis

Question 50

Adopted children are more likely to have criminal records when the adoptive parent has a criminal record, but only when they also have a biological parent with a criminal record. This is an example of

A) gene-environment interaction.
B) gene-environment correlation.
C) linkage analysis.
D) association analysis.

Question 51

The term __________ refers to genetic differences in exposure to environments.

A) gene-environment interaction
B) gene-environment correlation
C) quantitative genetics
D) molecular genetics

Question 52

Michael inherits a genetic propensity for high-activity level from his parents and the parents have created a family environment that is highly active. This is an example of a _______ gene-environment correlation.

A) active
B) passive
C) reactive
D) redundant

Question 53

In Mary Cover Jones' (1924) study of Peter, she used ___________ to treat his fear of furry objects.

A)punishment
B)counterconditioning
C)extinction
D)cognitive behavioral therapy

Question 54

In Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert the conditioned stimulus was

A) a white rat.
B) the fear.
C) a loud noise.
D) anxiety.

Question 55

Operant conditioning emphasizes the __________ of behavior.

A) unconscious aspects
B) consequences
C) interpretation
D) symbolism

Question 56

A particular child develops a fear of all men with mustaches similar that of his uncle, who is stern. This is an example of the operant conditioning process of

A) negative reinforcement.
B) shaping.
C) generalization.
D) discrimination.

Question 57

The phenomenon of disinhibition in observational learning is illustrated by

A) a child observes another child being punished for talking to a peer during a lesson and becomes quieter in other ways.
B) a child observes another child push a peer and thereby get to the head of the line. The first child then uses physical force to get what he wants.
C) a shy child is nervous in his new class. He doesn't participate in learning a new art project.
D) a child in a class learns how to do a new kind of art project by observing her "buddy" do that same art project.

Question 58

Attention, memory, concept formation, strategies to mentally manipulate information, and problem solving are examples of

A) instrumental processes.
B) observational processes.
C) cognitive processes.
D) unconscious processes.

Question 59

________________ are schema for representing information stored in memory.

A)Cognitive processes
B)Cognitive structures
C)Cognitive content
D)Cognitive products

Question 60

A depressed child views herself as less capable than her peers, whereas others do not view her this way. This is an example of

A) cognitive deficiency.
B) cognitive distortion.
C) thought disorder.
D) protective cognition.

Question 61

A depressed youngster has come to view negative events in his life as due to his lack of intelligence. According to Kendall (2006), this is an example of

A) cognitive structure.
B) cognitive content.
C) cognitive process.
D) cognitive product.

Question 62

In an ecological model of development, _______ contexts would be expected to have relatively more direct impact.

A) cultural
B) distal
C) proximal
D) pathological

Question 63

Which of the following is true regarding the research of Livingston and Parker, Pew Research Center (2011), depicted in Figure 3.5 of the text?

A)In 2010, 27% of fathers lived apart from their children.
B)White fathers are more likely to live apart from their children than Black or Hispanic fathers.
C)Families with incomes exceeding $50,000 were more likely to have fathers that lived apart from their children.
D)Fathers with higher education were more likely to live apart from their children.

Question 64

Children who are allowed much self-regulation and whose parents make few demands for mature behavior are said to have parents with which parenting style?

A) indulgent/permissive
B) authoritative
C) secure
D) neglectful

Question 65

Which parental style is associated with the tendency of children to be independent, socially responsible, and self?confident?

A) authoritative
B) permissive
C) indulgent
D) authoritarian

Question 66

In defining child maltreatment, an act of omission by a parent or caregiver that involves failure or delay in providing care or supervision would be considered

A) physical abuse.
B) sexual abuse.
C) neglect.
D) emotional abuse.

Question 67

According to the book, the definition of _________ is probably the most difficult and controversial.

A) emotional maltreatment
B) neglect
C) physical abuse
D) sexual abuse

Question 68

Which of the following statements regarding abuse is correct?

A) Physical abuse is harder to detect than other forms of maltreatment.
B) Sexual abuse of boys is more common than that of girls.
C) Refusing special education when needed can be considered neglect.
D) According to the book, in 2009 there were less than 200,000 cases of maltreatment reported in the U.S.

Question 69

Which of the following is true about child maltreatment?

A) Maltreatment occurs equally across socioeconomic classes.
B) Parents are rarely the perpetrators of abuse.
C) Parents who have children later in life are at higher risk for perpetrating abuse.
D) Social isolation of the parent from family and friends contributes to abuse.

Question 70

Which of the following children is at the highest risk for abuse?

A) A one year-old with physical disabilities
B) A 12 year-old from a large family
C) A 17 year-old with failing grades
D) A 13 year-old Black male living in an impoverished neighborhood

Question 71

Single-parent families make up ______ percent of all families with children.

A) 5
B) 19
C) 30
D) 48

Question 72

Which of the following variables is thought to contribute to a youngster's adjustment to divorce?

A) The youngster's prior level of adjustment
B) Individual characteristics of parents
C) The youngster's prior level of adjustment and individual characteristics of parents
D) The youngster's prior level of adjustment, individual characteristics of parents, and ethnic differences

Question 73

Which of the following is an example of molecular family stability?

A)Living in a family with no divorce history
B)Living in the same home and never moving
C)Consistency in who lives in the home
D)Having a regular bed time

Question 74

In 2010, the percentage of U.S. youth under 18 living in poverty was about

A) 2 percent.
B) 10 percent.
C) 15 percent.
D) 22 percent.

Question 75

Which of the following statements regarding the impact of poverty on youth is accurate?

A) Rates of poverty are equal across racial groups.
B) Single female-headed households are at higher risk for poverty than married households.
C) Childrearing practices do not vary by social class.
D) Poverty is most damaging to middleschoolers.

Question 76

Leventhal and Brooks-Gunn have suggested three potential mechanisms or pathways whereby communities might affect youngsters' development. They are

A) genetics, family environment, and neighborhood
B) socioeconomic status, school structure, and crime
C) community resources, relationships, and community norms/collective efficacy
D) individual, intrafamilial, and cultural

Question 77

The term acculturation refers to

A) the elimination of cultural influences so as to understand the effect of individual variables.
B) changes in culture resulting from different cultures coming in contact with each other.
C) the attempt to provide cultural experiences, such as music and art to at-risk children.
D) interventions to overcome the negative impact of a youngster's cultural background.

Question 78

Describe the parts of the neuron and how electrical messages are transmitted between neurons.

Question 79

Briefly describe a prenatal, a perinatal, and a postnatal biological influence thought to affect the functioning/behavior of the developing child.

Question 80

Discuss the reasons why research involving harmful influences on the fetus must be interpreted with caution.