Question 1

What is a potential problem with getting an annual physical?&#10;A) Doctors may find health issues you didn't know about.&#10;B) The annual visit is costly.&#10;C) The annual visit can lead to medical screening tests being recommended too frequently and sometimes inappropriately.&#10;D) The annual visit is not covered by health insurance.

Accepted Answer

The annual visit can lead to medical screenings being recommended too frequently and sometimes inappropriately. To address excessive medical screenings, annual physicals that included screening recommendations were replaced by periodic reviews, based on the unique health-risk factors, age, and sex of individual clients. In 1976, the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination developed explicit criteria for assessing the quality of evidence in published clinical research, and then established decision rules to guide clinicians in screening. In 1984, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force created guide clinicians in screening, Guide to Clinical Preventive Services. Recommendations in this manual were based on a rating system that gave the most weight to research based on randomized controlled trials, followed by well-designed trials without randomization. The least weight was given to the opinions of respected authorities or expert committees (much to the chagrin of disease-specific professional associations), descriptive studies, and case reports.

Question 2

Modifiable risk factors for high blood pressure include which of the following?&#10;A) High sodium intake, smoking, excess alcohol usage, inactivity, obesity, and stress&#10;B) Ethnicity&#10;C) Age

Accepted Answer

The risk factors for high blood pressure include age, high sodium intake, ethnicity (Blacks, Latinos), obesity, excess alcohol usage, smoking, inactivity, and stress; but age is the most powerful risk factor (but age is not modifiable).

Question 3

What has led to an increase in osteoporotic bone fractures in the United States?&#10;A) Negligence with screening and treatment&#10;B) Not enough fortified Vitamin D in food&#10;C) Lack of over-the-counter prescription medications available that reverse osteoporotic bone loss&#10;D) Lack of generic prescription medications available that reverse osteoporotic bone loss

Accepted Answer

The negligence with both screening and treating weakened bones has led to an increase in osteoporotic bone fractures in the United States after 2012, following a plateau with minor fluctuations over the prior 16 years.

Question 4

Cite the National Cholesterol Education Program's approach to address cholesterol risk.
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Accepted Answer

The answer of Cite the National Cholesterol Education Program's approach...

Question 5

Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs that most people believe are primarily responsible for reducing the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and lowering the risk for a cardiovascular event. Cite the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology 2013 guidelines for statin recommendations.
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Accepted Answer

The answer of Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs that most people...

Question 6

Which of the following is most effective for preventing the onset of diabetes?&#10;A) Changing lifestyle habits, such as exercise and diet&#10;B) Medication such as metformin (Glucophage)&#10;C) Good genes&#10;D) Reduction in cortisol

Accepted Answer

Changing lifestyle habits, such as exercise and diet, is nearly twice as effective as using the medication, particularly in people age 60 and over who were helped little by the drug. Once diabetes is diagnosed, not just physical activity or aerobics, but high-intensity resistance training can improve glycemic control in older persons.

Question 7

What are major risk factors for edentulism (loss of all teeth) in older adults?&#10;A) Poverty&#10;B) Not seeing the dentist&#10;C) Lack of reimbursement by traditional Medicare for dental care&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Among those living below the poverty level, edentulism is almost twice as high as those living above the poverty line; those above age 85 have about one-third greater levels of edentulism as those between the ages of 65 and 84. As the American population ages, visits to physicians increase, but visits to dentists decrease. Only 60% of older Americans reported a dental visit in 2014. The lack of reimbursement by traditional Medicare for dental care is no small factor in this neglect. As older adults retire, many lose employer-based dental insurance and, at the same time, deal with a reduction in income. The one-third of Medicare beneficiaries who opted for Medicare Advantage plans in 2018 were significantly more likely to have dental coverage than those on traditional Medicare plans. However, these Plan C dental insurance programs are saddled with premiums, co-pays, and overall caps on what they pay out. Not surprisingly, about 20% of those age 65 and over have untreated cavities (this percentage more than doubles for low-income older adults) and an increasing number are choosing to travel to Mexico each year for dental work at much lower prices.

Question 8

Why did the Centers for Disease Control, followed by the United States Preventive Services Task Force in 2013, recommend hepatitis C testing for every person born between 1945 and 1965 (roughly comparable to baby boomers, who were born between 1946 and 1964)?
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Accepted Answer

The answer of Why did the Centers for Disease Control,...

Question 9

What is prophylaxis?&#10;A) Medical prevention&#10;B) Medical screenings&#10;C) Universal screening&#10;D) Universal prevention

Accepted Answer

There are medical screenings-tests with the potential for the early diagnosis of medical problems-and prophylaxis-medical prevention.

Question 10

What percent of 7.6 million eligible older smokers were screened for lung cancer?&#10;A) More than 20%&#10;B) Less than 35%&#10;C) Less than 2%&#10;D) More than 11%

Accepted Answer

By 2016, less than 2% of 7.6 million eligible older smokers were screened. One of many factors for this finding was that a majority of physicians did not know that Medicare covered lung cancer screening, 1 year after its enactment.

Question 11

Breast cancer is the _____ leading cause of death from cancer among women (after lung cancer)?&#10;A) First&#10;B) Second&#10;C) Third&#10;D) Fourth

Accepted Answer

The answer of Breast cancer is the _____ leading cause...

Question 12

Risk for colorectal cancer increases with ______, with most new cancers affecting persons age 75 and older.&#10;A) sedentary lifestyle habits&#10;B) smoking&#10;C) age&#10;D) living alone

Accepted Answer

The answer of Risk for colorectal cancer increases with ______,...

Question 13

What is the most common form of cancer in the United States?&#10;A) Cervical cancer&#10;B) Lung cancer&#10;C) Skin cancer&#10;D) Colon cancer

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the most common form of...

Question 14

Of the nearly 70 million American adults with high blood pressure (one in three adults), _____% were able to reduce their blood pressure to a safe level.&#10;A) 20&#10;B) 30&#10;C) 40&#10;D) 50

Accepted Answer

The answer of Of the nearly 70 million American adults...

Question 15

What is known as the &#34;silent killer?&#34;&#10;A) Skin cancer&#10;B) Lung cancer&#10;C) High blood pressure&#10;D) Heart disease

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is known as the &#34;silent killer?&#34;&#10;A)...

Deck 2: Clinical Preventive Services and Aging