Deck 35: Face-Negotiation Theory

Question 1

The term "face" is defined as:

A) a psychological image that can be granted and lost and fought for and presented as a gift.
B) the public self-image that every member of society wants to claim for himself/herself.
C) the projected image of one's self in a relational situation.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A classic example of a collectivistic culture is:

A) the United States.
B) Japan.
C) England.
D) Australia.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to Harry Triandis, which of the following statements is true of the Japanese?

A) They assume that every person is unique, and they reduce uncertainty by asking questions to the point of cross-examination.
B) They believe that group-based information is less important than unique individual differences.
C) They value collective needs and goals over individual needs and goals.
D) They are governed by the personal rules of a freewheeling self that is concerned with individual rights.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true of face-restoration?

A) It is the typical face strategy across collectivistic cultures, particularly in Japan.
B) It is the face strategy used to preserve autonomy.
C) It is used to defend and support other person's need for inclusion.
D) It often involves self-effacement.

Question 5

Identify a true statement about face-giving.

A) It is the characteristic face strategy across collectivistic cultures.
B) It is the facework strategy used to stake out a unique place in life.
C) It is used to defend against loss of personal freedom.
D) It is likely to cause embarrassment or humiliation of others in public.

Question 6

In response to conflict, individuals who are members of collectivistic cultures and who score high on other-face concern usually choose the ________ conflicting style.

A) integrating
B) dominating
C) obliging
D) compromising

Question 7

The conflicting style that is NOT typical of individuals from collectivistic cultures is:

A) avoiding.
B) dominating.
C) obliging.
D) compromising.

Question 8

In the context of the five styles of conflict management, which of the following best describes "integrating"?

A) competing to win when people's interests conflict
B) accommodating or giving in to the wishes of another in a conflict situation
C) conflict management by negotiating or bargaining
D) problem solving through open discussion

Question 9

Self-construal refers to:

A) Americans' concern for self-face.
B) the relational connectedness that is emphasized by an interdependent self.
C) the degree to which people conceive of themselves as relatively autonomous from, or connected to, others.
D) the type of face maintenance that an individual chooses to deal with conflict.

Question 10

A criticism of the research methodology used by Ting-Toomey and John Oetzel involves:

A) their reliance on an American sample.
B) the use of self-report survey data.
C) their use of an interpretive lens for analysis.
D) a very limited subject pool.

Question 11

The we-identity of Americans is similar to the I-identity of the Japanese.

Question 12

In the context of self-construal, the interdependent self values we-identity and emphasizes relational connectedness, and is therefore closely aligned with collectivism.

Question 13

In a conflict, people from collectivistic cultures are more likely to focus on face-restoration than on face-giving.

Question 14

Unlike people with a mutual-face concern, people with an other-face concern will favor an integrating strategy of apologizing, private discussion, remaining calm, problem solving, or showing respect.

Question 15

Stella Ting-Toomey and her colleagues were surprised to discover that Asian students were more partial to integration than were their American counterparts.

Question 16

Knowledge is the most important dimension of facework competence.

Question 17

Members of individualistic cultures tend to rely on the conflict resolution style of dominating.

Question 18

Oetzel and Ting-Toomey claim that ethnic or cultural background is a better predictor of conflict styles than self-construal.

Question 19

A low-context culture wherein people look out for themselves and their immediate families is referred to as a(n) ________.

Question 20

Classic examples of collectivistic cultures are ________.

Question 21

In the context of conflict styles, accommodating or giving in to the wishes of another in a conflict situation is known as ________.

Question 22

Compare individualistic and collectivistic cultures, particularly with respect to conflict face-negotiation theory.

Question 23

Discuss and provide an example each of face-restoration and face-giving. How are they related to culture?

Question 24

Ting-Toomey maintains that certain cultural types choose particular styles of negotiating conflict. Discuss these styles with respect to the cultures.

Question 25

Reflect on a conflict that you experienced or are currently experiencing. How would you describe the facework and modes of conflict management employed? Are Ting-Toomey's predictions supported or undermined by your experience?

Question 26

Are the strategies of emotional expression, passive aggression, and third-party help viewed positively or negatively by most Americans? Can you think of situations in which one or more of these strategies might be more effective than any of the traditional five styles (avoiding, obliging, compromising, dominating, and integrating)?

Question 27

How might gender affect an individual's facework? What might be the implications of gender differences within cultures for face-negotiation theory?

Question 28

Explain Oetzel and Ting-Toomey's recent discovery that self-construal is a better predictor of conflict styles than ethnic or cultural backgrounds.

Question 29

How might Baxter and Montgomery respond to Ting-Toomey's face-negotiation theory?

Question 30

In Griffin's presentations of both constructivism and face-negotiation theory, studies considering problems with undependable group members are featured. Compare the results of the two experiments and the theories they are meant to test.

Question 31

How might Mead, Pearce, Cronen, or other social constructionists view Ting-Toomey's notion of face? How is it a socially constructed phenomenon?