Deck 3: Nutritional Epidemiology and Research Methods

Question 1

The nutritionist using an epidemiological triangle in a situation of obesity knows that it is a traditional model that explores health and disease using three components: host, agent, and environment. A change in any of the components will result in:

A) equilibrium.
B) constitutional host factor.
C) agent factor.
D) disequilibrium.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In which of the following research methods, are random sample surveys and structured interviews used to collect data (mostly quantifiable data) and analyzed using statistical techniques?

A) Quantitative
B) Qualitative
C) Random sampling

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is not true about a cohort study?

A) They are sometimes called follow-up or longitudinal studies.
B) Participants are generally free of disease.
C) They are usually small.
D) They may take many years to conduct.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Beth is a dietitian who wants to do some research in her community. She will be conducting random sample surveys to collect data from the community. She will analyze the data using statistical techniques that depend on isolation of one or more variables. What type of research method is this?

A) Qualitative (subjective)
B) Qualitative (objective)
C) Quantitative (subjective)
D) Quantitative (objective)

Question 5

Which would be the best approach for Beth if she were trying to measure the level of poverty in her community?

A) Subjective deductive reasoning and quasiexperiments
B) Subjective and open-ended questions
C) Objective and structured interviews
D) Objectivity and superiority

Question 6

In which type of study does the investigator have control over participants, procedures, and exposures?

A) Ecological
B) Cohort
C) Case-control
D) Experimental

Question 7

Demography is an analytical tool used to measure a population by recording characteristics such as:

A) age.
B) gender.
C) educational level.
D) All of these are correct.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 8

A researcher wants to investigate the effect of lipids on different nutrient utilization. He or she would conduct a metabolic diet study that would:

A) observe naturally occurring health and disease patterns in free-living population groups.
B) develop a nutritionally adequate diet that has one or more components varied with the intention to achieve specified physiological or biological effects.
C) Both of these are correct.

Question 9

What is an analytical tool used to measure a population by recording births, deaths, age distribution, and other vital statistics?

A) Incidence
B) Rate
C) Demography
D) Prevalence

Question 10

Which of the following is expressed as a mathematical relationship in which the numerator is the number of persons experiencing the condition and the denominator is the population at risk.

A) Incidence
B) Rate
C) Demography
D) Prevalence

Question 11

A community nutritionist utilizing the genetic epidemiological approach may use which of the following?

A) Spiritual epidemiological measures
B) Molecular epidemiology
C) Gene approach
D) None of these is correct.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of host factor in the epidemiological triangle model?

A) A sedentary lifestyle that promotes weight gain
B) External factors such as climate or living surroundings
C) Personal characteristics such as age, gender, and eating patterns

Question 13

Efficient management of services without gaps or overlaps is the definition of:

A) collaboration.
B) coordination.
C) exposure.
D) sampling.

Question 14

Which of the following research methods uses semistructured or interactive interviews to collect data?

A) Quantitative
B) Qualitative
C) Random sampling

Question 15

A community nutritionist can form a partnership with other healthcare professionals to complement his or her expertise. The four phases for successful partnership building in community-based research are:

A) networking, cooperation, collaboration, and partnership.
B) networking, recruitment, decision-making, and partnership.
C) cooperation, collaboration, community involvement, and articulation.
D) All of these are correct.

Question 16

Cindy, a public health nutritionist, is using a cross-sectional research method to conduct her study. In cross-sectional research, the nutritionist:

A) compares the nutrient intakes of community groups.
B) measures nutrient intake and outcome at the same point in time.
C) involves intervention studies.

Question 17

In which of the following types of studies is the aim is to identify the cause of a disease among a group of people, or the cause-effect relationships of the health condition?

A) Control-sectional
B) Cross-sectional
C) Case-controlled
D) Control-sectional and case-controlled

Question 18

Demography is an analytical tool used to measure a population by recording different characteristics such as:

A) age.
B) gender.
C) educational level.
D) All of these are correct.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 19

Beth is a dietitian that wants to do some research in her community. She will be conducting random sample surveys to collect data from the community. She will analyze the data using statistical techniques that depend on isolation of one or more variables. What type of research method is this?

A) Qualitative (subjective)
B) Qualitative (objective)
C) Quantitative (subjective)
D) Quantitative (objective)

Question 20

In testing the hypothesis, research observations have shown a direct relationship between higher sodium intake and higher blood pressure across population groups.

Question 21

In community nutrition research, ecological studies do not compare collective data that represent an entire population.

Question 22

A community nutritionist conducting cohort studies would evaluate the nutrient intake and outcome of individuals, both measured at the same point in time.

Question 23

A dietitian conducting a research study knows that deliberate sampling is a method where people are randomly selected.

Question 24

In conducting a research study, the confounding variable may strengthen or weaken the relationship between the health problem being studied and the potential cause.

Question 25

Qualitative research methods depend on isolation of one or more variables that can be measured and analyzed statistically.

Question 26

The Institutional Review Board Committee's major concerns are protecting human research participants from physical or mental harm, as well as protecting the researcher from unnecessary complaints.

Question 27

Exposure is the characteristics or agents (e.g., food, medications, time in the sun) that a person comes in contact with that may be related to disease risk.

Question 28

List five stages of the research process.

Question 29

Define community nutrition research.

Question 30

What is the term of the following definitions:
-The act of managing interdependencies between activities.

Question 31

What is the term of the following definitions:
-The number of deaths during the first year of life per 1,000 live births.

Question 32

What is the term of the following definitions:
-The study of the determinants, occurrence, and distribution of health and disease in a defined population.

Question 33

What is the term of the following definitions:
-Mutual participation in decision-making and working with others toward a common goal.

Question 34

What is the term of the following definitions:
-Study of dietary intake and the occurrence of disease in human populations.

Question 35

What is the term of the following definitions:
-Rate of a new health condition or the number of persons in a defined population who developed the condition during a specified period of time.

Question 36

What is the term of the following definitions:
-Involves intentional alteration or intervention in the course of a disease.

Question 37

The total number of persons in the defined population who are affected by a certain disease or condition at a specified time is called:

A) participation.
B) incidence.
C) prevalence.
E) preference.

Question 38

A descriptive epidemiological method that is sometimes useful for health policy that can be used to know the number of people with a particular characteristic or number of events that occurred in a given region or community is called:

A) an observational study.
B) an analytical study.
C) a counting case.
D) a hypothesis/research question.

Question 39

An assumption written in a clear, concise manner about what the investigator thinks will happen in the research project is called:

A) an observational study.
B) an analytical study.
C) a counting case.
D) a hypothesis/research question.

Question 40

Which of the following figures plays a role in community diet intervention?

A) Dieticians
B) Industries
C) Government agencies
D) All of these are correct

Question 41

The combination of quantitative and qualitative research techniques is called:

A) subjective research.
B) quantitative research.
C) qualitative research.
D) mixed Method research.

Question 42

Deductive reasoning, objectivity, quasi-experiments, statistical techniques, and control characterize which method?

A) Subjective research
B) Quantitative research
C) Qualitative research
D) Mixed Method research

Question 43

Which of the following means that specific target groups or communities are invited to participate in the study?

A) Control sampling
B) Deliberate sampling
C) Snowball sampling
D) Random sampling

Question 44

Due to the near impossibility of knowing the exact number of people living in the community being studied, nutritionists may estimate the total population based on:

A) head counts.
B) census data.
C) frequency questionnaires.
D) a guess and check system.

Question 45

Which of the following is very important in research, and sometime is required for community types of grants?

A) Collaboration
B) Cooperation
C) Coordination
D) Networking

Question 46

Which of the following is the act of managing interdependencies between activities. It is the ability to manage services without gaps or overlaps?

A) Collaboration
B) Cooperation
C) Coordination
D) Networking

Question 47

Which model explains how changes in one element can influence the occurrence of a disease by increasing or decreasing an individual's risk for the health condition?

A) Host
B) Agent
C) Epidemiological triangle
D) Community health model

Question 48

The host element of the epidemiological triangle includes:

A) age, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, eating patterns, exercise behavior, and lifestyle.
B) condition of investigation.
C) physical and socioeconomic surroundings.
D) None of these is correct.

Question 49

An example of an agent factor in the epidemiological triangle model is:

A) diet and exercise.
B) climate or living surroundings.
C) personal characteristics such as age, gender, and eating patterns.

Question 50

Fruit and vegetable consumption may provide protection against colon cancer, heart disease, and stroke. This is an example of which type of exposure relevant to nutritional epidemiological studies?

A) Agent that may cause or protect from disease
B) Constitutional host factors
C) Agents that may confound the association between another agent and disease
D) Agents that may modify the effects of other agents

Question 51

The number of persons in a population who develop the condition during a specified period of time is termed:

A) incidence.
B) rate.
C) demography.
D) prevalence.

Question 52

Which of the following defines the total number of persons in the population who have the condition at a particular time?

A) Incidence
B) Rate
C) Demography
D) Prevalence

Question 53

A researcher wants to investigate the effect of lipids on different nutrient utilization. He or she would conduct a metabolic diet study that would:

A) observe naturally occurring health and disease patterns in free-living population groups.
B) develop a nutritionally adequate diet that has one or more components varied with the intention to achieve specified physiological or biological effects.
C) Both of these are correct.

Question 54

A community nutritionist conducting cohort studies does not need to evaluate the baseline risk factors first and then follow the participants over time to monitor disease occurrence.

Question 55

A dietitian conducting a research study knows that deliberate sampling is a method of sample selection where specific target groups or communities are invited to participate in the study.

Question 56

A dietitian conducting a research study knows that deliberate sampling is a method where people are randomly selected.

Question 57

The EPIC study found that following MyPlate is associated with longer life expectancy among elderly persons.

Question 58

Qualitative research methods do not depend on isolation of one or more variables that are measured and analyzed statistically.

Question 59

The three components of the epidemiological triangle are agent, host, and behaviors.

Question 60

Quantitative research methods depend on isolation of one or more variables that can be measured and analyzed statistically.

Question 61

A dietitian working in the community setting may consider age, race, gender, ethnicity, income, and education level as important demographics that may affect health and nutrition outcomes.