Question 1

In his many writings, Foucault argued that which of the following-which refers to a broader category of various models of expression, including language, and how they are actually used-is the product of a historical period and its dominant social-economic institutions?

A) Discourse
B) Theory
C) Construct
D) Hypothesis

A

Accepted Answer

Foucault argued that "discourse" is shaped by historical periods and dominant socio-economic institutions, influencing how language and expressions are used and understood.

Question 2

Ivan Pavlov designed an experiment using an approach that has come to be called __________, in which he rang a bell at the same time that he placed meat powder on a dog's tongue.&#10;A) positive reinforcement&#10;B) negative reinforcement&#10;C) operant conditioning&#10;D) classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov's experiment with the bell and meat powder is an example of classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus (bell) becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (meat powder) to elicit a conditioned response (salivation).

Question 3

According to Jean Piaget, which manner in which we process information involves fitting new information into existing categories of knowledge?&#10;A) Adaption&#10;B) Assimilation&#10;C) Accommodation&#10;D) Incorporation

Accepted Answer

Assimilation is the process of fitting new information into existing categories of knowledge.

Question 4

Although the ties between __________ and a specific public health theory are not always direct, it is clearly a general influence on the "philosophy" of public health, commonly expressed in definitions of public health or health promotion as the goal of improving the quality of life for the general public.

A) Freudian psychology
B) cognitive psychology
C) humanistic psychology
D) behaviorist psychology

Accepted Answer

Humanistic psychology focuses on individual potential and emphasizes the importance of growth and self-actualization, aligning with public health goals of improving quality of life.

Question 5

A theory in which tradition is supposed to say something about the observable, tangible relationships between phenomena-relationships that are evidence based?&#10;A) Empiricist&#10;B) Determinist&#10;C) Rationalist&#10;D) Phenomenological

Accepted Answer

Empiricist theory emphasizes evidence-based, observable, and tangible relationships between phenomena, relying on sensory experience and empirical data.

Question 6

In a sense, which of the following is the child of order and regularity, for if nature is ordered, and we discover the details and rules of this order, then we can, theoretically, envision what will happen?

A) Positivity
B) Probability
C) Predictability
D) Productivity

Accepted Answer

Predictability arises from understanding the order and rules of nature, allowing us to foresee future events.

Question 7

From theories, you can derive more specific applications such as hypotheses, principles, and constructs.

Accepted Answer

Theories provide a broad framework from which more specific elements like hypotheses, principles, and constructs can be derived to test and apply the theory in practical situations.

Question 8

Some of the most important non-Western philosophies and systems of society, including Confucianism, Taoism, and Navajo cosmology, contain highly elaborate concepts of natural order.

Accepted Answer

Confucianism, Taoism, and Navajo cosmology all emphasize harmony with nature and the universe, reflecting complex ideas about natural order and balance.

Question 9

A key characteristic of the Enlightenment Period was a monopoly of knowledge and scholarship by the church.

Accepted Answer

The Enlightenment Period was characterized by a move away from religious and church-dominated knowledge towards reason, science, and individualism.

Question 10

The epistemology underlying empiricism is encapsulated by the idea that what we know comes to us from our senses.

Accepted Answer

Empiricism is a theory of knowledge that emphasizes the role of sensory experience in the formation of ideas, asserting that knowledge comes primarily from sensory input.

Deck 3: Social-Behavioral Theory and Its Roots