Deck 22: Urinary System

Question 1

Which of the following organs is not a part of the urinary system?

A) Urethra
B) Kidney
C) Urinary bladder
D) Gallbladder
E) Ureters

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Each kidney has approximately how many lobes?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
E) 16

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The filtration of plasma is primarily the function of which of the following?

A) Renal corpuscle
B) Collecting duct
C) Loop of Henle
D) Ureter
E) Proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Glomerular capillaries are supplied by which of the following?

A) Efferent arterioles
B) Afferent arterioles
C) Renal artery
D) Peritubular capillary
E) Suprarenal arteries

Question 5

Which of the following is the portion of the tubule system of the nephron that is farthest from the renal corpuscle?

A) Distal convoluted tubule
B) Major calyx
C) Loop of Henle
D) Collecting duct
E) Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 6

Which of the following portions of the nephron maintains water and sodium ion balance in the body?

A) Collecting duct
B) Renal corpuscle
C) Distal convoluted tubule
D) Proximal convoluted tubule
E) Loop of Henle

Question 7

Which of the following is not reabsorbed in the kidney tubules?

A) Potassium
B) Hydrogen
C) Sodium
D) Chloride
E) Calcium

Question 8

The majority of nephrons are located in which of the following parts of the kidney?

A) Medulla
B) Calyces
C) Pelvis
D) Cortex
E) Vasa recta

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a substance that is too large to pass through the filtration membrane?

A) Glucose
B) Amino acids
C) Urea
D) Sodium ions
E) Albumin

Question 10

Which of the following hormones reduces blood sodium ions?

A) Parathyroid hormone
B) Atrial natriuretic peptide
C) Aldosterone
D) Thyroid hormone
E) Corticosteroid hormone

Question 11

The descending limb of the nephron loop reabsorbs which of the following?

A) Water
B) Glucose
C) Amino acids
D) Chloride
E) Urea

Question 12

The __________ is the portion of the nephron between the proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule.

A) loop of Henle
B) collecting duct
C) minor calyx
D) renal corpuscle
E) major calyx

Question 13

Fluid reabsorption from the renal tubule occurs mostly in which of the following?

A) Proximal convoluted tubule
B) Loop of Henle
C) Distal convoluted tubule
D) Collecting duct
E) Renal corpuscle

Question 14

Which of the following is true about production of renin from the kidneys?

A) Decreases the pH of the urine
B) Increases the blood pressure
C) Dilates the peritubular capillaries
D) Increases the renal filtration rate
E) Increases the number of erythrocytes

Question 15

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism is the body's main mechanism for which of the following?

A) Decreasing the level of parathyroid hormone
B) Decreasing the level of angiotensin I
C) Increasing blood pressure
D) Increasing erythropoietin
E) Increasing secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 16

Which of the following is true about the loop of Henle?

A) It is a site of filtration.
B) Filtration in the descending limb becomes more and more hypotonic.
C) Water osmoses into the descending limb.
D) Sodium and chloride ions are actively moved out of the ascending limb.
E) The ascending limb is very permeable to water.

Question 17

The action of angiotensin II is to do which of the following?

A) Maintain sodium in the blood
B) Balance water in the plasma
C) Maintain blood pressure
D) Both maintain sodium in the blood and balance water in the plasma
E) All of these are correct.

Question 18

Which percentage of water, sodium, and other components are reabsorbed by the tubules?

A) 1%
B) 50%
C) 65%
D) 70%
E) 99%

Question 19

Which of the following is caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone?

A) Hypoglycemia
B) Diabetes mellitus
C) Diabetes insipidus
D) Coma
E) Ketoacidosis

Question 20

The macula densa is located in which of the following parts of the kidneys?

A) Juxtaglomerular apparatus
B) Afferent arteriole
C) Filtration membrane
D) Renal corpuscle
E) Loop of Henle

Question 21

Which of the following hormones is not involved in reabsorption inside the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?

A) Parathyroid hormone
B) Atrial natriuretic peptide
C) Thyroid hormone
D) Aldosterone
E) Parathyroid hormone

Question 22

Which of the following is not important in relation to tubular secretion processes?

A) Disposing of substances
B) Removing excessive potassium
C) Eliminating wastes
D) Filtering albumin
E) Controlling blood pH

Question 23

Which of the following is an internal cavity surrounded by a fibrous capsule and located in the area of the hilus?

A) Renal capsule
B) Renal calyx
C) Renal sinus
D) Renal pyramid
E) Bowman's capsule

Question 24

At rest, how many milliliters of blood flow through the kidneys each minute in normal, healthy individuals?

A) 400
B) 800
C) 1,200
D) 1,800
E) 2,500

Question 25

Dietary and metabolic changes may cause the pH of urine to alter. Which of the following ranges will be seen?

A) 2.4 to 4.6
B) 4.7 to 6.5
C) 4.5 to 8
D) 6.6 to 8.9
E) 7.4 to 9.2

Question 26

Which of the following is used to determine the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A) Insulin
B) Glycine
C) Glucagon
D) Inulin
E) Interferon

Question 27

Which of the following is not an abnormal substance in the urine?

A) Glucose
B) Hemoglobin
C) Urea
D) Ketone bodies
E) Protein

Question 28

Which of the following is true when blood circulation to the kidneys reduces?

A) Systemic vasodilation occurs.
B) Aldosterone secretion will increase.
C) Sodium reabsorption will be inhibited.
D) ADH in the blood will decrease.
E) Water reabsorption will decrease.

Question 29

The ureters begin at which of the following levels of the spinal vertebrae?

A) T₁
B) L₂
C) L₄
D) L₆
E) S₁

Question 30

Renal failure is defined as a GFR of less than __________ milliliters per minute.

A) 15
B) 50
C) 100
D) 150
E) 500

Question 31

After urination, how many mL of urine remain in the bladder?

A) 50
B) 80
C) 30
D) 150
E) 10

Question 32

Which of the following are the three regions of the urethra in males?

A) Membranous, urethral, and spongy urethra
B) Prostatic urethra, urogenital diaphragm, and membranous urethra
C) Prostatic, membranous, and spongy urethra
D) Spongy urethra, membranous urethra, and urethral sphincter
E) Urethral sphincter, prostatic urethra, and urogenital diaphragm

Question 33

Which of the following is an inflammatory disorder of the kidney that affects the filtration mechanism?

A) Pyelonephrosis
B) Glomerulonephritis
C) Kidney stones
D) Polycystic kidney disease
E) Floating kidney

Question 34

Which kidney disease is associated with aneurysms as well as colon diverticula?

A) Renal failure
B) Renal calculi
C) Polycystic kidney disease
D) Dysuria
E) Renal ptosis

Question 35

The __________ are capillaries that surround the loop of Henle.

Question 36

Nephrons located close to the medulla with nephron loops that extend deep into the renal pyramids are called __________ nephrons.

Question 37

The filtration pressure at the glomerulus is equal to blood hydrostatic pressure, capsular hydrostatic pressure, and blood __________ pressure.

Question 38

The __________ is kept relatively constant by autoregulatory mechanisms in the 80 to 180 mm Hg arterial pressure range.

Question 39

The renal medulla is made up of conical tissue known as renal __________.

Question 40

The final branches of the interlobular arteries that lead to the nephrons are called __________ arterioles.

Question 41

The collecting ducts contain __________ cells (type A) and intercalated cells (type B).

Question 42

A glomerulus is a tangled cluster of parallel blood capillaries that comprises a renal __________.

Question 43

The vasa recta have very thin walls, helping to form __________ urine.

Question 44

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the nephron __________.

Question 45

Tubular __________ is effective in controlling blood pH.

Question 46

The arcuate arteries are located at the boundary between the __________ and medulla of the kidney.

Question 47

The renal corpuscle is made up of the Bowman's capsule and the __________.

Question 48

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is called __________.

Question 49

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it _________ the release of ADH.

Question 50

The function of angiotensinogen is to work with renin in forming __________.

Question 51

Diabetic kidney disease may eventually cause toxic wastes to accumulate in the body, requiring dialysis or kidney __________.

Question 52

The color of urine is caused by the pigment called urochrome, which results from the destruction of __________.

Question 53

The formation of urine is accomplished by the nephrons.

Question 54

The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in urea content.

Question 55

The renal medulla is the outer portion of each kidney, which is made of conical renal pyramids.

Question 56

The kidneys are located inside the peritoneum, below the stomach.

Question 57

The kidneys contain two major regions: the cortex and the medulla.

Question 58

A hollow medial depression in each kidney is called the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Question 59

The kidneys help to maintain homeostasis by regulating the composition, pH, and volume of the extracellular fluid.

Question 60

The juxtamedullary nephrons utilize the vasa recta.

Question 61

Angiotensin II stimulates the kidneys to secrete cortisol for reabsorption of potassium.

Question 62

Polycystic kidney disease is caused by chronic glomerulonephritis after strep throat infection.

Question 63

A typical adult kidney weighs about 150 grams, or 5.25 ounces.

Question 64

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.