Deck 46: Epidemiology of Osteoporosis

Question 1

In the world population, the annual number of osteoporotic fractures exceeds 9 million.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The risk of osteoporosis is 2-3 times higher in women than men at all ages.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Most cases of osteoporosis in women are diagnosed after menopause.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The pathogenesis of bone loss and osteoporosis is modulated by multiple risk factors including aging, nutritional deficiencies (vitamin D and calcium), postmenopausal estrogen deficiency in women, and various lifestyle factors including smoking, alcohol abuse, lack of exercise, low body mass, and certain environmental exposures.

Question 5

Deficiencies in Vitamin D and calcium are also prominent causes of two related bone disorders, rickets and osteomalacia.

Question 6

Deficiency of Vitamin D is a rare condition in the population of Great Britain.

Question 7

Combined calcium and Vitamin D dietary supplementation show significant chemopreventive effects against osteoporosis development.

Question 8

In postmenopausal women, estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) has consistently been found to protect against osteoporosis.

Question 9

High body mass is a risk factor for osteoporosis in both men and women.

Question 10

Heavy smoking and alcohol abuse are independent risk factors for osteoporosis.

Question 11

Excess intake of glucocorticoids significantly increases the risk of osteoporotic fracture.

Question 12

Occupational cadmium exposure is a risk factor for osteoporosis.

Question 13

Approximately how many people in the world population suffer osteoporotic fractures annually?

A) 1-2 million
B) 5-6 million
C) 9-10 million
D) 15-20 million

Question 14

Following osteoporotic fracture, the risk of death is greatest during what time period?

A) 0-6 months post fracture
B) 6-12 months post fracture
C) 1-5 years post fracture
D) 6-10 years post fracture

Question 15

All of the following exogenous factors increase the risk of osteoporotic fracture except:

A) chronic smoking.
B) alcohol abuse.
C) excess use of glucocorticoids.
D) estrogen replacement therapy.

Question 16

Risk factors for osteoporosis include all of the following except:

A) cadmium exposure.
B) autoimmune disease.
C) regular physical activity.
D) high body mass.

Question 17

The diagnosis of osteoporosis is confirmed when the bone mineral density is:

A) 1.0 standard deviation below normal.
B) 1.5 standard deviations below normal.
C) 2.0 standard deviations below normal.
D) 2.5 standard deviations below normal.

Question 18

Compared to the general population, what is the approximate relative risk of osteoporotic fracture in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

A) 2.0
B) 3.0
C) 4.0
D) 5.0

Question 19

The pituitary hormones primarily responsible for bone remodeling are:

A) parathyroid hormone.
B) calcitonin.
C) calcitriol.
D) a and b are correct.
E) a, b and c are all correct.

Question 20

In elderly men, the risk of osteoporosis is increased by all of the following except:

A) low testosterone.
B) current smoking.
C) daily intake of 3 or more alcoholic drinks.
D) Body Mass Index of 30.

Question 21

Describe the basic physiology of bone remodeling.

Question 22

Discuss the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in women and men.

Question 23

Define the diagnostic criteria for osteopenia and osteoporosis.

Question 24

Describe the global pattern of osteoporosis.

Question 25

Discuss vitamin D metabolism in humans and the role of vitamin D deficiency in development of osteoporosis.

Question 26

Briefly discuss the genesis of rickets and osteomalacia.

Question 27

Discuss lifestyle risk factors for osteoporosis.

Question 28

Discuss strategies for the prevention, control, and treatment of osteoporosis.