Deck 10: Epidemiology of Hypertension

Question 1

Prior to November 13, 2017, hypertension was clinically defined by systolic blood pressure exceeding 140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure exceeding 90 mm Hg.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

According to the new guidelines established in November 2017, stage I hypertension is systolic blood pressure between 130-139 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure between 80-89 mm Hg, and stage II hypertension is systolic blood pressure equal to or greater than 140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure equal to or greater than 90 mm Hg.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Approximately one quarter of adults in the world population are hypertensive.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The prevalence of hypertension is higher in men throughout the life span.

Question 5

The prevalence of hypertension is higher in Europe than the United States.

Question 6

Hypertension is relatively common in the Stroke Belt of the USA.

Question 7

Caucasian Americans have the highest prevalence of hypertension of any ethnic group.

Question 8

Hypertension prevalence has increased more in US women than men in the last two decades.

Question 9

Increasing US trends in the prevalence of hypertension are related to increasing longevity and obesity.

Question 10

Hypertension rarely goes undetected.

Question 11

Essential hypertension is a multifactorial disease.

Question 12

During 2015, 962,400 deaths were attributed to hypertensive heart disease, a marked increase from the 630,000 deaths reported by the World Health Organization in 1990.

Question 13

Secondary hypertension accounts for what percentage of cases?

A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 20%
D) 25%

Question 14

Essential hypertension accounts for what percentage of cases?

A) 60%
B) 70%
C) 80%
D) 90%

Question 15

The lower prevalence of hypertension in premenopausal women compared to men of the same age is most likely due to:

A) estrogen.
B) testosterone.
C) cortisol.
D) cholesterol.

Question 16

The higher prevalence of hypertension in postmenopausal women compared to men of the same age is most likely a consequence of:

A) greater longevity.
B) reduced circulating estrogen.
C) increasing obesity.
D) Only a and c are correct.
E) All answers are correct.

Question 17

The percentage of hypertensive cases who are unaware of their elevated blood pressure is approximately:

A) 10%.
B) 20%.
C) 30%.
D) 40%.

Question 18

An elevation in which of the following hormones is not associated with the development of secondary hypertension?

A) Thyroid hormone
B) Aldosterone
C) Cortisol
D) Estrogen

Question 19

Which of the following is not a proven risk factor for hypertension?

A) Chronic smoking
B) Alcohol abuse
C) High salt consumption
D) Obesity
E) High HDL cholesterol

Question 20

Which ethnic group has the highest prevalence of hypertension?

A) African Americans
B) Hispanic Americans
C) Non-Hispanic Caucasian Americans
D) The incidence rates for all ethnicities are similar.

Question 21

Pre-eclampsia refers to the development of hypertension during:

A) menopause.
B) pregnancy.
C) the menstrual cycle.
D) None of the above is correct.

Question 22

Vasoconstrictive agents include all of the following except:

A) endothelin.
B) angiotensin.
C) nitric oxide.
D) insulin.

Question 23

What is the prevalence of hypertensive heart disease in the world population?

A) 1 million
B) 3 million
C) 6 million
D) 10 million

Question 24

Hypertension is a major independent risk factor for all of the following conditions except:

A) ischemic heart disease.
B) congestive heart failure.
C) stroke.
D) obesity.

Question 25

Describe the global burden of hypertension.

Question 26

Briefly discuss the physiology of hypertension.

Question 27

What are the two major types of hypertension?

Question 28

Describe conditions that predispose to secondary hypertension.

Question 29

What are the major risk factors for essential hypertension?

Question 30

Discuss the basis of gender differences in hypertension throughout the life span.

Question 31

Discuss time trends in the prevalence of hypertension in the USA.

Question 32

Describe hypertension in the "stroke belt" of the United States.

Question 33

Discuss genetic factors responsible for the increased incidence of hypertension among African Americans.

Question 34

What strategies would you propose for the primary prevention of hypertension?

Question 35

Discuss the new guidelines for defining hypertension in the United States.

Question 36

Discuss the global burden of hypertensive heart disease and hypertension as a risk factor for other conditions.