Deck 2: Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease

Question 1

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The relative mortality from CVD is approximately 31%.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Most CVD deaths occur in high income countries.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) in developed countries arise primarily from premature death.

Question 5

Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) in underdeveloped countries arise primarily from premature death.

Question 6

The two major forms of CVD, ischemic (coronary) heart disease and stroke, cause approximately 25% of all deaths.

Question 7

Since 1970, US mortality rates from coronary heart disease and stroke have declined more than 50%.

Question 8

Since 1970, US hospitalization rates for congestive heart failure have quadrupled.

Question 9

The global rise in CVD in developing nations reflects increases in key risk factors (heightened consumption of westernized diets, declining physical activity, and increased tobacco addiction) associated with industrialization, urbanization, economic development, and market globalization.

Question 10

Cardiovascular diseases are largely not preventable through public health strategies and evidence-based risk factor interventions.

Question 11

The leading cause of death in the world is:

A) cancer.
B) cardiovascular disease (CVD).
C) stroke.
D) infection.

Question 12

Global relative mortality from CVD is slightly higher than:

A) 30%.
B) 40%.
C) 50%.
D) 60%.

Question 13

The number of annual deaths from CVD is approximately:

A) 15 million.
B) 16 million.
C) 17 million.
D) 18 million.

Question 14

What form of CVD is increasing in developed nations?

A) Coronary heart disease
B) Stroke
C) Congestive heart failure
D) Rheumatic heart disease

Question 15

Which of the following statements are true?

A) CVD mortality is 40% higher in men than women.
B) CVD mortality is 40% higher in women than men.
C) CVD mortality is 38% higher in African Americans than Caucasian Americans.
D) CVD mortality is 38% higher in Caucasian Americans than African Americans.
E) Both a and c are true.

Question 16

Which of the following are risk factors for CVD?

A) High LDL cholesterol
B) Low LDL cholesterol
C) Low HDL cholesterol
D) High HDL cholesterol
E) Both a and c are true.

Question 17

Congestive heart failure arises when:

A) the heart pumps insufficient blood.
B) the ejection fraction falls below 50%.
C) antecedent heart disease compromises heart function.
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 18

Which nations have recently experienced increased rates of CVD?

A) India
B) Latin America
C) Russian Federation
D) Australia
E) Only a, b and c are correct.

Question 19

Define and discuss the various forms of cardiovascular disease.

Question 20

Discuss international patterns of CVD mortality and morbidity.

Question 21

Why have CVD mortality rates declined dramatically since 1970 in developed countries such as the USA, Canada, Western Europe, and Australia?

Question 22

What are the key risk factors for CVD?

Question 23

Why has congestive heart failure increased in the USA since 1970?

Question 24

Why are rates of CVD higher in men than women and higher in African Americans than Caucasian Americans?

Question 25

What population-based strategies would you propose for the primary prevention of CVD?

Question 26

Discuss the tertiary prevention of CVD.