Deck 1: Global Burden of Chronic Disease: The Epidemiologic Transition

Question 1

Acute diseases cause more deaths than chronic diseases in the world population.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Global aging is a consequence of both increasing longevity and decreasing fertility.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The free radical theory of aging states that aging is caused by the accumulation of reactive oxidation species that damage DNA and important cellular organelles such as mitochondria.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The Hayflick Limit refers to the point at which daughter cells can no longer divide due to the loss of telomeres from the tips of chromosomes during replication.

Question 5

The fertility rate in the USA is approximately 2.0 per woman during childbearing years, which is slightly above the global average.

Question 6

The annual mortality rate in sub-Saharan Africa is approximately twofold higher than the rest of the world.

Question 7

The Russian Federation has one of the highest mortality rates in the world, likely due to high rates of chronic smoking and alcohol abuse.

Question 8

Four major chronic disease groups (cardiovascular disease, cancer, COPD, and diabetes) account for 60% of the deaths worldwide.

Question 9

In impoverished nations, chronic diseases cause more deaths than acute diseases.

Question 10

The global smoking prevalence is about 34% in men and 6% in women.

Question 11

The prevalence of obesity (BMI of 30 or more) is highest in Europe and America.

Question 12

Of the 10 million children who die before reaching 5 years of age, 6 million deaths are attributable to malnutrition and starvation.

Question 13

The Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) measures the impact of early death and long-term disability.

Question 14

Chronic diseases are largely not preventable.

Question 15

Global relative mortality from chronic diseases is approximately:

A) 40%.
B) 50%.
C) 60%.
D) 70%.

Question 16

The current world population is approximately:

A) 5.5 billion.
B) 6.5 billion.
C) 7.5 billion.
D) 8.5 billion.

Question 17

The annual number of deaths is approximately:

A) 40 million.
B) 50 million.
C) 60 million.
D) 70 million.

Question 18

The nation with the greatest longevity is:

A) United States.
B) France.
C) Sweden.
D) Japan.

Question 19

The global fertility replacement rate per woman is slightly above:

A) 1.0.
B) 2.0.
C) 3.0.
D) 4.0.

Question 20

Which of the following conditions shows a declining prevalence with aging?

A) Arthritis
B) COPD
C) Cancer
D) Asthma

Question 21

The point at which a cell can no longer divide due to successive loss of telomeres from the tips of chromosomes during replication is due to what phenomenon?

A) The Hayflick Limit
B) Chromosomal aneuploidy
C) DNA damage by reactive oxygen species
D) Mitochondrial damage

Question 22

The demographic transition is due to which of the following?

A) Population aging
B) Increasing fertility
C) Declining fertility
D) a and b are both correct.
E) a and c are both correct.

Question 23

The epidemiologic transition refers to:

A) decreasing rates of chronic disease and increasing rates of acute disease.
B) increasing rates of chronic disease and decreasing rates of acute disease.
C) increasing rates of chronic and acute diseases.
D) decreasing rates of chronic and acute diseases.

Question 24

The highest annual death rates worldwide are found in:

A) the Russian Federation.
B) Afghanistan.
C) Sub-Saharan Africa.
D) India.

Question 25

The relative mortality from chronic diseases (heart disease, cancer, stroke, COPD, diabetes) in high income nations is approximately:

A) 55%.
B) 65%.
C) 75%.
D) 85%.

Question 26

The relative mortality from acute conditions (infection, violence, perinatal and maternal disease) in low income nations is approximately:

A) 40%.
B) 50%.
C) 60%.
D) 70%.

Question 27

Currently, approximately how many people die each year from smoking-related diseases such as heart disease, lung cancer, stroke, COPD?

A) 5 million
B) 6 million
C) 7 million
D) 8 million

Question 28

Define and discuss the epidemiologic transition.

Question 29

Discuss the global pattern of longevity (life expectancy).

Question 30

Discuss major reasons for the global decline in fertility.

Question 31

What are the two major theories of aging, and how do they differ?

Question 32

What impact has the obesity epidemic had on public health globally?

Question 33

Discuss the impact of tobacco addiction on global public health.

Question 34

Discuss why stratification of nations by income effectively divides cause-specific disease rates into distinct categories of disease.

Question 35

Discuss the relative mortality of childhood diseases.

Question 36

Discuss the recent increase in mortality among adult men in the Russian Federation of Nations.

Question 37

Define Body Mass Index (BMI) and discuss its use in epidemiologic studies.

Question 38

Define Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) and discuss the distribution of DALY worldwide.

Question 39

Discuss strategies for the primary prevention of chronic diseases.