Deck 15: Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks

Question 1

Which statement about the Cassiopiea jellyfish is true?

A) These jellyfish have a centralized nerve net that controls rhythmic contraction of the feeding musculature.
B) Interconnected motor neurons are used for coordinated movement.
C) The rhopalia control coordinated bell muscle contraction via connections with a motor nerve net.
D) There is no need for coordinated movement in these filter feeders.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The Cassiopiea jellyfish

A) has neither coordinated intercellular control nor a biological clock.
B) has coordinated intercellular control but no measurable biological clock.
C) has no coordinated intercellular control but displays biological rhythms.
D) has coordinated intercellular control and displays biological rhythms.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which statement about the features of a nervous system is true?

A) The transmission rate is relatively slow.
B) Neurotransmitter release takes place throughout the body via the blood.
C) Neurons form highly discrete lines of communication.
D) In the PNS, a nerve consists of the axons of five or fewer neurons bundled together.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Interneurons are located in

A) the central nervous system.
B) the peripheral nervous system.
C) the somatic system.
D) the autonomic system.

Question 5

Which statement describes a general feature of a nervous system?

A) Interneurons are collected into integrated areas at one end of the body rather than randomly dispersed.
B) Sensory receptor cells transform electrical stimuli into environmental signals.
C) Central interneurons integrate signals from sensory receptors and other signals arising within the animal, generating an integrated pattern of impulses.
D) Motor commands are sent out from the effectors to the CNS.

Question 6

Which of the following is the effector in the startle response of the cockroach?

A) Movement of filiform hair receptors
B) Action potentials in the giant interneuron
C) Contraction of the hind leg muscle
D) A train of action potentials produced by the leg motor neuron.

Question 7

Which is the most primitive organism that contains genes for nervous system organization?

A) Protists
B) Sponges
C) Arthropods
D) Echinoderms

Question 8

In an arthropod, the bundle of nerve axons located within a ganglion is called a

A) connective.
B) sheaf.
C) neuropile.
D) tract.

Question 9

A structural organization in which integrating neurons are all collected into central integrating areas rather than being randomly dispersed is referred to as

A) cephalization.
B) centralization.
C) centrification.
D) a ganglion.

Question 10

A connective is a bundle of

A) axons in the PNS.
B) axons within a ganglion.
C) axons between ganglia in the CNS.
D) axons between the right and left sides of a bilaterally symmetrical ganglion.

Question 11

Refer to the figure shown.
The figure depicts a cross section of a(n)

A) vertebrate spinal cord.
B) arthropod ganglion.
C) vertebrate ganglion.
D) arthropod connective.

Question 12

In the vertebrate PNS, collections of neuronal cell bodies associated with peripheral nerves are called

A) central ganglia.
B) peripheral ganglia.
C) a tract.
D) a commissure.

Question 13

Refer to the figure shown.
Which number(s) in the figure represent(s) the hindbrain?

A) III
B) III and IV
C) IV
D) IV and V

Question 14

Refer to the figure shown.
Which number in the figure best corresponds to the area of the brain responsible for learning and memory?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 15

Refer to the figure shown.
Which number in the figure best corresponds to the area of the brain responsible for autonomic and respiratory control?

A) II
B) III
C) IV
D) V

Question 16

A map of the body projected to a brain area is called a

A) somatotopic map.
B) sensory homunculus.
C) motor homunculus.
D) localization-of-function map.

Question 17

Which area has the most sensory neurons per unit area of epidermis?

A) Scalp
B) Upper arm
C) Lips
D) Ring finger

Question 18

Which division of the nervous system regulates digestion?

A) Parasympathetic
B) Sympathetic
C) Enteric
D) Parasympathetic and enteric

Question 19

Refer to the figure shown.
The labels in the figure correspond to which parts of the nervous system?

A) I = somatic; II = parasympathetic; III = sympathetic
B) I = sympathetic; II = parasympathetic; III = somatic
C) I = somatic; II = autonomic; III = sympathetic
D) I = peripheral; II = autonomic; III = somatic

Question 20

Refer to the figure shown.
Which neurotransmitter is being released at arrow V?

A) Acetylcholine
B) Epinephrine/norepinephrine
C) Glutamate
D) GABA

Question 21

Refer to the figure shown.
Describe the effect of adding acetylcholine to the area indicated by arrow IV in the figure.

A) Acceleration of heart rate
B) Deceleration of heart rate
C) Complete stopping of the heart
D) There is no effect.

Question 22

Refer to the figure shown.
Describe the effect of adding acetylcholine to the area indicated by arrow V in the figure.

A) Acceleration of heart rate
B) Deceleration of heart rate
C) Complete stopping of the heart
D) There is no effect.

Question 23

Refer to the figure shown.
In the figure, how many arrows (including labeled and unlabeled) are in the vicinity of a possible EPSP?

A) Three
B) Four
C) Five
D) Eight

Question 24

Refer to the figure shown.
The peripheral synapses between the first and second neurons in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are located within clusters of neuronal cell bodies called _______ ganglia.

A) enteric
B) peripheral
C) central
D) autonomic

Question 25

The nerve that runs from the paravertebral ganglia to the heart would be termed a(n) _______ neuron.

A) sympathetic postganglionic
B) parasympathetic postganglionic
C) sympathetic preganglionic
D) parasympathetic preganglionic

Question 26

What would be the effect of applying epinephrine/norepinephrine to the paravertebral ganglia in the upper thoracic area?

A) Acceleration of heart rate
B) Deceleration of heart rate
C) Complete stopping of the heart
D) There is no effect.

Question 27

A surprise phone call at 3 AM would likely cause which physiological reaction?

A) Increased salivation
B) Pupil dilation
C) Increased digestion
D) Decreased glucose production

Question 28

Refer to the figure shown.
The structure at arrow I in the figure is the

A) paravertebral ganglion.
B) thoracic ganglion.
C) thoracic division of the spinal column.
D) inferior mesenteric ganglion.

Question 29

Refer to the figure shown.
If epinephrine/norepinephrine were applied in the vicinity of arrow II in the figure,

A) heart rate would accelerate.
B) hormone and enzyme release in the stomach would be inhibited.
C) the gallbladder would be stimulated to release bile.
D) there would be no effect.

Question 30

Refer to the figure shown.
In the figure, the "+" symbol represents stimulation, increase, or constriction, and the "-" symbol represents inhibition, decrease, or relaxation. Which numeral in the figure is paired incorrectly with the symbol?

A) III
B) IV
C) V
D) VI

Question 31

The preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic system releases the neurotransmitter

A) acetylcholine.
B) epinephrine/norepinephrine.
C) glutamate.
D) GABA.

Question 32

Which principle of functional organization of the vertebrate brain explains the concept of memories?

A) Brains have maps.
B) The expansion of the forebrain is a recorded event in vertebrate brain evolution.
C) Brain function is somewhat localized.
D) Neural circuits are plastic.

Question 33

Which statement regarding the brain is true?

A) Processing capability is related to the hindbrain.
B) Primate brains have a similar cerebral cortex compared to amphibian brains.
C) The larger the cerebral cortex, the more the processing capability of the brain.
D) Primate brains are more evolved compared to the brains of fish.

Question 34

Refer to the figure shown.
Which statement best reflects the adaptive significance of brain representations in the star-nosed mole?

A) The comparatively large brain representations reflect the importance of somatosensory functions.
B) The mole shows evidence of plasticity of brain development.
C) The brain of the mole has very little area devoted to auditory processes.
D) The brain of the mole demonstrates a clear visual processing area.

Question 35

Refer to the figure shown.
Which statement about the figure is true?

A) The figure on the left depicts a cross section of a somatosensory map in a star-nosed mole.
B) The figure on the right depicts a side view map of the cerebral cortex in a star-nosed mole.
C) The figure on the right depicts a somatosensory map of a hedgehog.
D) The figure on the left depicts a somatosensory map of a star-nosed mole.

Question 36

Refer to the figure shown.
Which statement about the figure is false?

A) Both hedgehogs and star-nosed moles demonstrate localization of cerebral cortical function.
B) Star-nosed moles can hear.
C) Hedgehogs are incredibly specialized visual animals.
D) In star-nosed moles, large amounts of sensory information are sent from their star noses to their brains.

Question 37

Which statement regarding the enteric system is true?

A) Neurons exit the CNS in the thoracic region to innervate the gut.
B) It plays a role in segmentation.
C) It is largely under autonomic control.
D) In humans, it contains about 2 million neurons.

Question 38

Rhythms that continue in the absence of environmental information about time are called

A) entrained rhythms.
B) endogenous rhythms.
C) circadian rhythms.
D) free-running circadian rhythms.

Question 39

Refer to the figure shown.
According to this figure, the light‒dark cycle _______ the physiological rhythms.

A) disrupts
B) phases
C) entrains
D) synchronizes

Question 40

Refer to the figure shown.
Which label is not appropriate for the y-axis of the figure?

A) Growth
B) Metabolic rate
C) Oxygen consumption
D) Urine output

Question 41

Refer to the figure shown.
Which statement about the figure is false?

A) The two rhythms shown here are in phase.
B) The rhythms are entrained to the light‒dark cycle.
C) The period of this rhythm is about 24 hours.
D) The figure likely represents a nocturnal animal.

Question 42

Which statement regarding biological clocks is true?

A) The period of an animal's free-running rhythm is not affected by light‒dark cycles.
B) Biological clocks are very sensitive to internal (cellular) temperature.
C) Nocturnal animals often have periods of free-running rhythms much shorter than 24 hours.
D) Biological clocks permit the timing of processes during 24-hour periods when environmental cues are unreliable.

Question 43

When the suprachiasmatic nucleus in a horse is destroyed,

A) circadian rhythm becomes free-running.
B) a zeitgeber is induced.
C) the animal loses its ability to navigate.
D) most circadian activity ceases.

Question 44

Refer to the figure shown.
What is the likely experimental procedure is indicated by the arrow in the figure?

A) Removal of the medial pituitary
B) Destruction of the hypothalamus
C) Removal of the cerebral cortex
D) Destruction of the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 45

Refer to the figure shown.
Which statement about the result of the experimental procedure indicated by the arrow in the figure is the most accurate?

A) The circadian oscillator was activated.
B) The free-running circadian activity ceased.
C) A zeitgeber was induced.
D) Activity remained constant.

Question 46

Refer to the figure shown.
Which statement is the most accurate conclusion that can be drawn from the data in the figure?

A) The hamster's hypothalamus was destroyed, and therefore it could not control the animal's circadian rhythm.
B) The thalamus is significantly involved in the circadian rhythm of the golden hamster.
C) The suprachiasmatic nuclei are significantly involved in the circadian rhythm of the golden hamster.
D) The suprachiasmatic nuclei are likely not involved in the circadian rhythm of the golden hamster.

Question 47

In mammals, what inhibits the activity of CLOCK/BMAL1?

A) PER
B) period mRNA
C) PER/CRY
D) PER/TIM

Question 48

Which statement best describes the mechanism for circadian rhythm?

A) There is an alternation between enhanced and inhibited expression of clock genes.
B) Clock genes inhibit gene expression of positive elements.
C) Clock genes inhibit expression of negative elements.
D) The time-keeping mechanism depends only on the breakdown of negative elements.

Question 49

Which of the following is a documented benefit of biological rhythms?

A) increased response to external cues
B) increased sensory responses in locating food
C) escape from predators
D) determining compass directions from the sun

Question 50

In vertebrates, melatonin is secreted in a circadian rhythm from the

A) pineal gland.
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
C) circadian oscillator.
D) clock genes.

Question 51

Describe the two major trends in nervous system evolution once animal lineages became bilaterally symmetrical.

Question 52

Compare and contrast the organization of arthropod and vertebrate central nervous systems.

Question 53

Explain a somatotopic map.

Question 54

If atropine is an antagonist to acetylcholine, explain what this drug would do to the heart.

Question 55

Briefly explain what is meant by synaptic plasticity. Provide one example.

Question 56

How do star-nosed moles exemplify the principles of brain functional organization?

Question 57

Describe what is meant by entrainment and provide an example.

Question 58

Compare and contrast free-running circadian rhythms of nocturnal and diurnal mammals.

Question 59

Explain how the pineal gland may operate differently in nonmammalian vertebrates compared to mammals.