Deck 23: The Lymphatic System

Question 1

Lymphatic trunks collect lymph from ________.

A) lacteals
B) superficial lymphatics and veins
C) deep lymphatics and arteries
D) both superficial and deep lymphatics
E) arteries

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Components of the lymphatic system include the:
(1)pancreas
(2)spleen
(3)lymphatic vessels
(4)thymus
(5)lymph nodes
(6)thoracic duct

A) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
B) 1, 3, 5, 6
C) 1, 4, 6
D) 1, 2, 3, 4
E) 1, 4, 5, 6

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following is a primary function of the lymphatic system in the body?

A) to produce hormones
B) to maintain actin and myosin concentrations for muscle contractions
C) to produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes
D) to distribute erythrocytes
E) to produce myelin-producing cells

Answer 3

C

Question 4

How do lymphatic vessels differ from those of either the arterial or the venous system?

A) They do not run together with either the arteries or the veins.
B) The internal valves of small to medium lymphatic vessels are spaced close enough to give the vessel the appearance of a string of beads.
C) They have fewer valves than do the veins.
D) They have thicker walls than veins, but less thick than those of the arteries.
E) They have visibly delineated tunics.

Question 5

Compared to blood capillaries, lymphatic capillaries ________.

A) are much less permeable
B) are smaller in diameter
C) have smaller gaps between endothelial cells
D) are more permeable
E) have a round, regular outline

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of the cytotoxic T cells?

A) removal of abnormal blood cells
B) humoral immunity
C) iron storage
D) initiation of the immune response
E) cell-mediated immunity

Question 7

Lymphatics carry lymph only from peripheral tissues to the ________.

A) fourth ventricle
B) venous system
C) renal system
D) digestive system
E) arterial system

Question 8

The right lymphatic duct ________.

A) carries lymph to the right brachiocephalic vein
B) carries lymph originating in tissues superior to the diaphragm on the right side of the body
C) carries lymph from tissues inferior to the diaphragm
D) varies very little from individual to individual
E) empties into the axillary vein

Question 9

Which of the lymphatic trunks drain into the cisterna chyli?

A) intestinal trunks
B) lumbar trunks
C) intestinal trunks and lumbar trunks
D) subclavian trunks and jugular trunks
E) bronchomediastinal trunks and intestinal trunks

Question 10

Interstitial fluid resembles blood, but with a lower concentration of ________.

A) lipids
B) proteins
C) nucleic acids
D) macrophages
E) lymphocytes

Question 11

Lipids absorbed in the digestive tract enter ________ in the intestinal wall.

A) capillaries
B) lymph nodes
C) lacteals
D) macrophages
E) microglia

Question 12

The composition of lymph is most similar to ________.

A) whole blood
B) blood plasma
C) interstitial fluid
D) intracellular fluid
E) none of these

Question 13

The lymphatic network begins with the ________.

A) lymph nodes
B) aggregated lymphoid nodules
C) lymphatic capillaries
D) cisterna chyli
E) lymphatic nodules

Question 14

Lymph is transported through a network of increasingly larger lymphatic vessels. What is the correct order of these, from smallest diameter to largest diameter?

A) Capillaries - ducts - trunks - vessels
B) Ducts - capillaries - vessels - trunks
C) Vessels - capillaries - trunks - ducts
D) Ducts - vessels - capillaries - trunks
E) Capillaries - vessels - trunks - ducts

Question 15

In the lymphatic system, most invading pathogens are first encountered by ________.

A) primary lymphatic structures
B) tertiary lymphatic structures
C) the skin
D) secondary lymphatic structures
E) the liver

Question 16

Which organ or tissue contains equal numbers of B and T cells?

A) bone marrow
B) thymus
C) blood
D) spleen
E) liver

Question 17

The ________ collects lymph from both sides of the body inferior to the diaphragm.

A) right lymphatic duct
B) thoracic duct
C) spleen
D) thymus
E) cisterna chyli

Question 18

Deep lymphatic vessels are found ________.

A) in the walls of organs
B) near deep arteries and veins
C) in the brain
D) under mucous membranes
E) in subcutaneous tissue

Question 19

The lymphatic system functions to maintain normal blood volume and eliminate local variations in the ________.

A) pH of blood
B) production of urine
C) composition of CSF
D) number of peripheral synapses
E) composition of interstitial fluid

Question 20

The origin of the thoracic duct in most individuals is the ________.

A) cisterna chyli
B) MALT
C) cervical lymph node
D) deep lymphatic trunk
E) aggregated lymphoid nodule

Question 21

Which lymph nodes might become infected as a result of a bladder infection?

A) axillary lymph nodes
B) aggregated lymphoid nodules
C) thoracic lymph nodes
D) abdominal lymph nodes
E) cervical lymph nodes

Question 22

Which is NOT TRUE regarding the thymus gland?

A) It is a bilobed organ located in the mediastinum.
B) It is fully encapsulated by connective tissue.
C) Each thymic lobe is subdivided into lobules.
D) It reaches its maximum size at puberty, then regresses.
E) Its thymic corpuscles are the site of T-lymphocyte maturation.

Question 23

What is the function of a lymphocyte's membrane receptors?

A) recognize specific antigens
B) produce antibodies
C) initiate mitosis to generate memory lymphocytes
D) monitor pH of interstitial fluids
E) bind to other lymphocytes to attack pathogens

Question 24

Lymphocytopoiesis is the production of lymphocytes and it occurs in both the bone marrow and the ________.

A) spleen
B) liver
C) thymus
D) lymph nodes
E) thyroid

Question 25

A typical B cell spends about ________ in a lymph node before moving to another location.

A) 20 minutes
B) 12 hours
C) 30 hours
D) 1 week
E) 2 months

Question 26

Which lymph nodes would likely become inflamed with an ear infection?

A) cervical lymph nodes
B) axillary lymph nodes
C) none of the lymph nodes, but the spleen
D) intestinal lymph nodes
E) thoracic lymph nodes

Question 27

Cells that attack foreign cells, normal cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells that appear in normal tissues are ________.

A) NK cells
B) memory B cells
C) regulatory T cells
D) cytotoxic T cells
E) plasmocytes

Question 28

Immunological surveillance is the function of activated macrophages and which of the following?

A) cytotoxic T cells
B) regulatory T cells
C) plasmocytes
D) NK cells
E) helper T cells

Question 29

Which cells become activated only if the antigen appears in the body at a later date?

A) helper T cells
B) regulatory cells
C) macrophages
D) memory B cells
E) cytotoxic T cells

Question 30

B cells can differentiate into plasma cells, which are responsible for the production and secretion of ________.

A) lymphocytes
B) antibodies
C) erythrocytes
D) platelets
E) antigens

Question 31

________ confer cell-mediated immunity on the body tissues they defend.

A) Helper T cells
B) NK cells
C) Regulatory T cells
D) B cells
E) Cytotoxic T cells

Question 32

The capsule that covers the thymus divides it into ________.

A) two thymic lobes
B) many lobules
C) several unstructured nodules
D) several reservoirs for storage of hormones
E) lacteals

Question 33

Large lymphoid nodules in the tissue at the rear of the mouth are not visible due to their location at the base of the tongue, are called ________.

A) palatine tonsils
B) Peyer's patches
C) pharyngeal tonsils
D) lingual tonsils
E) aggregated lymphoid nodules

Question 34

Blood vessels and nerves enter and exit a lymph node at the ________ of the node.

A) apex
B) base
C) cortex
D) medulla
E) hilum

Question 35

Which of the following are described as large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx?

A) thymus glands
B) lymph nodes
C) thymic corpuscles
D) tonsils
E) aggregated lymphoid nodules

Question 36

In mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), lymphocytes are aggregated in the epithelia of the ________.

A) urinary system
B) respiratory system
C) reproductive system
D) endocrine system
E) MALT is found in all of these systems.

Question 37

Helper T cells and regulatory T cells ________.

A) include approximately 10-15 percent of the circulating lymphocytes
B) can differentiate into plasmocytes when appropriately stimulated
C) are solely responsible for the phenomenon in the body known as "humoral immunity"
D) control the activation and activity of B cells
E) are responsible for the production and secretion of antibodies

Question 38

If the medulla of a lymph node is damaged, what components of the lymphatic system will be affected?

A) NK cells
B) T cells
C) B cells
D) lacteals
E) None; this region does not produce any types of lymphocytes.

Question 39

Which cell population primarily functions in providing antibody-mediated immunity?

A) B cells
B) helper T cells
C) macrophages
D) granulocytes
E) regulatory T cells

Question 40

Lymphoid nodules in the walls of the small intestine are called ________.

A) germinal centers
B) thymic corpuscles
C) nodes
D) aggregated lymphoid nodules
E) lingual tonsils

Question 41

Trabecular arteries radiate toward the capsule of the ________, branching extensively and surrounded by white pulp.

A) spleen
B) thymus
C) MALT nodules
D) tonsils
E) liver

Question 42

The ________ of the spleen contain(s)indentations that follow the shapes of the stomach and kidneys.

A) hilum
B) visceral surface
C) medulla
D) trabeculae
E) diaphragmatic surface

Question 43

Which is NOT TRUE regarding the spleen?

A) It has an outer cortex and inner medulla.
B) It is divided into sections by capsular extensions called trabeculae.
C) Its white pulp consists of lymphatic cells.
D) It stores erythrocytes.
E) Its blood is supplied by the splenic artery and drained by the splenic vein.

Question 44

Which of the following is (are)true of the cortex of thymic lobules?

A) It lacks an internal structure of a cortex and a medulla.
B) It is the site of the production of lymphocytes, but not of the T cells.
C) It contains lymphoid stem cells.
D) It contains special capillaries that allow for free exchange between the circulation and the interstitial fluid.
E) They average approximately 20mm in width.

Question 45

Elongated masses of dense lymphoid tissue between the sinuses in the medulla of lymph nodes are known as ________.

A) medullary cords
B) corpuscles
C) the deep cortex
D) paracortical areas
E) the outer cortex

Question 46

The splenic artery, splenic vein, and lymphatics that drain the spleen enter and exit at which structure?

A) medulla
B) trabeculae
C) cortex
D) hilum
E) nodule

Question 47

In which abdominal quadrant is the spleen located?

A) left upper quadrant
B) right upper quadrant
C) left lower quadrant
D) right lower quadrant
E) none of these choices are correct

Question 48

Which of the following splenic structures forms lymphoid nodules?

A) red pulp
B) trabeculae
C) white pulp
D) medulla
E) cortex

Question 49

Which of the following is not an aging-dependent problem of the lymphatic system?

A) appendicitis
B) T cells become less responsive
C) increased susceptibility to infection
D) cancer incidence increases
E) reduced number of helper T cells

Question 50

Large quantities of ________ are contained in the red pulp of the spleen.

A) lymphoid nodules
B) platelets
C) lymphocytes
D) erythrocytes
E) NK cells

Question 51

The walls of lymphatic capillaries are only one cell thick.

Question 52

The medulla of the thymus contains ________.

A) thymic corpuscles
B) B cells
C) macrophages
D) granulocytes
E) lymphoid stem cells

Question 53

Which of the following is a lymphoid function of the spleen?

A) production of B and T cells
B) maturation of T cells
C) phagocytosis of damaged or infected cells circulating with the blood
D) addition of many new NK cells to the circulation
E) filtration of lymph

Question 54

With advancing age, the lymphatic system ________.

A) becomes less efficient at absorbing dietary lipids
B) ceases to transport lymph
C) produces an increasing number and variety of B-lymphocytes
D) is less responsive to antigens
E) All choices are correct.

Question 55

Lymphatic vessels originate in peripheral tissues and deliver lymph to the venous system.

Question 56

The process in which the thymus degenerates with age is called ________.

A) inhibition
B) involution
C) cortication
D) mediation
E) hypertrophy

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen?

A) removal of abnormal blood cells from the blood
B) collection of fluids from the surrounding tissues
C) storage of iron
D) initiation of immune responses from B and T cells
E) production of lymphocytes

Question 58

Thymic hormones, which are responsible for functional T cell differentiation, in the thymus are produced by ________.

A) erythrocytes
B) white pulp
C) red pulp
D) epithelial reticular cells
E) plasmocytes

Question 59

The increased incidence of ________ in the elderly reflects the fact that immune surveillance declines.

A) heart attacks
B) strokes
C) cancer
D) muscle injury
E) gallstones

Question 60

The cell population of the white pulp ________.

A) occupies primarily the visceral surface of the organ
B) includes lymphocytes
C) releases red blood cells into the lymphatic vessels
D) includes all of the normal components of the circulating blood
E) includes microglia

Question 61

With advancing age, the number of helper T cells is increased, making B cells more responsive.

Question 62

When is a hematologic stem cell transplant utilized as a treatment option? What are the risks?

Question 63

Figure 23.1

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label I.

A) Inguinal lymph nodes
B) Cisterna chyli
C) Thoracic duct
D) Lumbar lymph nodes
E) Cervical lymph nodes

Question 64

Figure 23.1

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label B.

A) Cervical lymph nodes
B) Cisterna chyli
C) Thymus
D) Lumbar lymph nodes
E) Tonsil

Question 65

What role does the lymphatic system play in metastatic cancer?

Question 66

One of the functions of the lymphatic system is to transport fat.

Question 67

Figure 23.1

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label C.

A) Spleen
B) Right lymphatic duct
C) Tonsil
D) Cisterna chyli
E) Thymus

Question 68

How does the blood-thymus barrier function to prevent premature stimulation of developing T cells?

Question 69

Figure 23.1

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label L.

A) Thymus
B) Tonsil
C) Cisterna chyli
D) Spleen
E) Lumbar lymph nodes

Question 70

Larger lymphatics, like veins, contain internal valves.

Question 71

Figure 23.1

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label A.

A) Spleen
B) Cervical lymph nodes
C) Cisterna chyli
D) Tonsil
E) Thymus

Question 72

Superficial lymphatics are more numerous than superficial veins, and have very few anastomoses.

Question 73

Figure 23.1

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label E.

A) Lumbar lymph nodes
B) Cervical lymph nodes
C) Right lymphatic duct
D) Cisterna chyli
E) Thoracic duct

Question 74

Figure 23.1

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label F.

A) Cisterna chyli
B) Thymus
C) Spleen
D) Lumbar lymph nodes
E) Cervical lymph nodes

Question 75

Antigens are usually associated with pathogens, parts or products of pathogens, or other foreign compounds.

Question 76

Figure 23.1

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label G.

A) Thymus
B) Cervical lymph nodes
C) Cisterna chyli
D) Lumbar lymph nodes
E) Thoracic duct

Question 77

Discuss appendicitis and why appendectomies are sometimes necessary.

Question 78

Figure 23.1

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label K.

A) Right lymphatic duct
B) Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
C) Cervical lymph nodes
D) Thoracic (left lymphatic) duct
E) Cisterna chyli

Question 79

Figure 23.1

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label D.

A) Right lymphatic duct
B) Cisterna chyli
C) Thymus
D) Tonsil
E) Spleen

Question 80

Paula's grandfather is diagnosed as having lung cancer. His physician orders biopsies of several lymph nodes from neighboring regions of the body, and Paula wonders why, since the cancer is in his lungs. What would you tell her?