Deck 8: Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism

Question 1

A fish suddenly has to swim in order to escape a predator. This type of activity is considered _____ and uses ATP molecules that are _____ compared to slowly swimming fish.

A) sustained exercise; fundamentally the same
B) sustained exercise; fundamentally different
C) burst exercise; fundamentally the same
D) burst exercise; fundamentally different

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Choose the situation that uses the most ATP.

A) walking for 5 km
B) jogging slowly for 5 km
C) running quickly for 5 km
D) sprinting 200 m

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Glycolysis occurs in the _______ and generates _______ NADH molecules.

A) cytosol; 4
B) cytosol; 2
C) mitochondria; 2
D) mitochondria; 4

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The enzyme _______ is needed to convert phosphoenolpyruvic acid to pyruvic acid.

A) hexokinase
B) phosphofructokinase
C) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
D) pyruvate kinase

Question 5

The substrate _______ is required for glycolysis to begin.

A) pyruvate
B) glucose
C) acetyl coenzyme A
D) NADH₂

Question 6

The enzyme _______ is required to convert glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.

A) hexokinase
B) phosphofructokinase
C) pyruvate kinase
D) isomerase

Question 7

The reaction that uses _______ as a substrate is an oxidation reaction in glycolysis.

A) glucose
B) fructose-1,6-diphosphate
C) 2-phosphoglyceric acid
D) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Question 8

The substrate needed to initiate the Krebs cycle is

A) pyruvate.
B) glucose.
C) acetyl coenzyme A.
D) citrate.

Question 9

Which molecule(s) is(are) generated during aerobic metabolism?

A) CO₂
B) Lactic acid
C) CO₂ and lactic acid
D) CO₂ and H₂O

Question 10

Which chemical reaction of the Krebs cycle produces FADH₂?

A) Succinate $\rightarrow$ fumarate
B) Citrate $\rightarrow$ isocitrate
C) Fumarate $\rightarrow$ malate
D) Isocitrate $\rightarrow$ $\alpha$ -ketoglutarate

Question 11

Which chemical reaction of the Krebs cycle produces NADH?

A) Citrate $\rightarrow$ isocitrate
B) Succinate $\rightarrow$ fumarate
C) Fumarate $\rightarrow$ malate
D) Isocitrate $\rightarrow$$\alpha$ -ketoglutarate

Question 12

Which chemical reaction of the Krebs cycle produces GTP?

A) Succinate $\rightarrow$ fumarate
B) Fumarate $\rightarrow$ malate
C) Isocitrate $\rightarrow$ $\alpha$ -ketoglutarate
D) Succinyl coenzyme A $\rightarrow$ succinate

Question 13

The specific role of oxygen in the cell is to

A) enhance the production of NADH in glycolysis.
B) promote oxidation of FADH₂.
C) act as an energy source for ATP production.
D) act as a final electron acceptor.

Question 14

What effect would consumption of cytochrome c oxidase inhibitor have on an animal?

A) The Krebs cycle would accelerate
B) The electron transport chain would be halted
C) NADH recycling to NAD⁺ would accelerate
D) FADH₂ recycling will be directly inhibited

Question 15

Which molecule oxidizes FADH₂?

A) NADH-Q oxidoreductase
B) Succinate dehydrogenase
C) Cytochrome b-c₁
D) Cytochrome oxidase

Question 16

The molecule that receives electrons from protein complex I is called

A) NADH-Q oxidoreductase.
B) ubiquinone.
C) cytochrome b-c₁.
D) cytochrome oxidase.

Question 17

If 43 protons pass through the ATP synthase, _______ ATP are produced.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 20
D) 43

Question 18

If 20 ATP molecules are produced, _______ protons passed through ATP synthase.

A) 20
B) 36
C) 46
D) 86

Question 19

If a cell loses its mitochondria, the net number of ATP molecules that can be produced from one glucose molecule is

A) 2.
B) 4.
C) 21.
D) 29.

Question 20

When a glucose molecule is completely hydrolyzed, _______ NADH₂ molecules and _______ FADH₂ molecules are produced.

A) 2; 10
B) 10; 2
C) 12; 3
D) 3; 12

Question 21

Aerobic substrate-level phosphorylation produces a total of _______ ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

A) 2
B) 6
C) 29
D) 31

Question 22

Which enzyme is used to minimize the effect of reactive oxygen species?

A) Catalase
B) Phosphofructokinase
C) Pyruvate kinase
D) Isomerase

Question 23

Which enzyme is used to minimize the effect of reactive oxygen species?

A) Superoxide dismutase
B) cytochrome c oxidase
C) succinate dehydrogenase
D) coenzyme A

Question 24

If the ratio of NAD to NADH₂ in a cell is 1 (NAD/NADH₂ = 1), the cell is in

A) an oxidative state.
B) a reduced state.
C) redox balance.
D) oxygen deficiency.

Question 25

The rate-limiting factor that determines whether a cell can undergo anaerobic glycolysis is the amount of

A) ATP it produces.
B) pyruvate available.
C) protons available.
D) lactate dehydrogenase available.

Question 26

Blocking lactate dehydrogenase in a cell producing ATP in the absence of oxygen would

A) not affect glycolysis.
B) halt the ETC that was functioning.
C) halt glycolysis.
D) allow two ATP molecules to be produced from each glycolysis cycle.

Question 27

During the only oxidation reaction in glycolysis, the molecule of primary importance in combining with hydrogen atoms is

A) NAD.
B) NADH.
C) oxygen.
D) pyruvate.

Question 28

Pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle as

A) carbon dioxide.
B) acetyl coenzyme A.
C) lactic acid.
D) glucose.

Question 29

In the mitochondria, ATP is formed by the direct movement of

A) electrons.
B) protons.
C) bicarbonate.
D) oxygen.

Question 30

If a P/O ratio is 1.9, oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport are said to be

A) partly coupled.
B) uncoupled.
C) loosely coupled.
D) tightly coupled.

Question 31

Which molecule does not participate in proton pumping in the mitochondria?

A) NADH-Q oxidoreductase
B) Succinate dehydrogenase
C) Cytochrome oxidase
D) ATP synthase

Question 32

Which statement regarding lactic acid is true?

A) It is generated during aerobic conditions.
B) It is produced in the mitochondrial matrix.
C) It is produced in the presence of oxygen.
D) It is an organic molecule.

Question 33

When pyruvic acid is metabolized, the ratio of ATP to lactic acid produced is

A) 2:27.
B) 27:2.
C) 2:31.
D) 31:2.

Question 34

Which molecule is not generated when phosphagens are used?

A) Creatine
B) Arginine
C) ATP
D) ADP

Question 35

A blocker that inhibits creatine kinase would halt

A) glycolysis.
B) the citric acid cycle.
C) phosphagen production.
D) pyruvate oxidation.

Question 36

Which molecule is abundant in skeletal muscle cells of vertebrates?

A) Myoglobin
B) Hemoglobin
C) Calmodulin
D) Arginine

Question 37

During a short intense bout of heavy weight lifting in a human, what is the source of the initial supply of ATP?

A) Creatine phosphate (the phosphagen system)
B) Anaerobic glycolysis
C) Aerobic catabolism using glucose
D) Aerobic catabolism using lipids

Question 38

To escape from a predator, a fish most likely uses _______ muscles.

A) slow oxidative
B) fast glycolytic
C) a combination of oxidative and glycolytic
D) fast glycolytic first and after few seconds slow oxidative

Question 39

Which of the following would you expect to see in abundance in the muscles of a sprinter?

A) Lactate dehydrogenase
B) Mitochondria
C) Myoglobin
D) ETC proteins

Question 40

While swimming in a school, a fish is most likely using _______ muscles.

A) slow oxidative
B) fast glycolytic
C) a combination of oxidative and glycolytic
D) fast glycolytic first and after few seconds slow oxidative

Question 41

Excess creatine kinase enhances

A) electron transport chain activity.
B) glycolysis levels.
C) burst exercise performance.
D) citric acid cycle productivity.

Question 42

Which type of leg muscles do various animals depend on for long distance ground locomotion?

A) Slow oxidative, because of their endurance
B) Fast glycolytic, because of their intensity
C) Slow glycolytic, because of their intensity
D) Fast oxidative, because of their endurance

Question 43

In the term "slow oxidative" used to describe muscle fibers, "oxidative" refers to

A) the physiology of energy production.
B) the fatigability rate.
C) motion of the muscle.
D) the type of physical activity to be undertaken.

Question 44

In the term "fast glycolytic" used to describe muscle fibers, "fast" refers to

A) the physiology of energy production.
B) the motion of the muscle.
C) low resistance to fatigue.
D) the type of physical activity to be undertaken.

Question 45

In the term "fast glycolytic" used to describe muscle fibers, "glycolytic" refers to

A) the physiology of energy production.
B) the fatigability rate.
C) motion of the muscle.
D) the type of physical activity to be undertaken.

Question 46

During sustained muscular work in humans, the use of fatty acids as an energy source

A) increases.
B) decreases.
C) does not change.
D) increases first and then decreases after 2 hours.

Question 47

Slow oxidative muscle fibers are used during

A) jogging.
B) speed skating.
C) weight lifting.
D) sprinting.

Question 48

Fast glycolytic muscle fibers are used during

A) walking.
B) running.
C) weight lifting.
D) standing.

Question 49

The enzyme that muscle cells depend on during the oxygen deficit phase is

A) NADH-dehydrogenase.
B) ATP synthase.
C) coenzyme A.
D) creatine kinase.

Question 50

Refer to the figure shown.
According to the figure, which term best describes the y axis?

A) Exercise intensity
B) Oxygen consumption
C) Rate of oxygen demand or supply
D) Theoretical oxygen demand

Question 51

Refer to the figure shown.
Which graph(s) represent(s) "heavy submaximal exercise"?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) B and C

Question 52

Refer to the figure shown.
According to the figure, the shaded area denoted by the arrow is the

A) oxygen deficit.
B) hyperoxygenation region.
C) postexercise oxygen consumption.
D) theoretical Vo₂ max.

Question 53

Refer to the figure shown.
In how many of the graphs does lactic acid accumulate?

A) None
B) One
C) Two
D) All three

Question 54

Refer to the figure shown.
Where is the maximum oxygen consumption represented on the graphs?

A) The horizontal dashed line
B) The shaded area at the beginning of the solid line curve
C) The shaded area at the end of the solid line curve
D) The solid curve line

Question 55

_______ exercise is the type of exercise in which a weight lifter is lifting the heaviest weight he can handle.

A) Submaximal
B) Maximal
C) Supramaximal
D) Oxygen deficit

Question 56

Which statement about a rabbit and a lizard evading a common predator is true?

A) The rabbit would clear lactic acid faster than the lizard.
B) The lizard would clear lactic acid faster than the rabbit.
C) Both the lizard and the rabbit would clear lactic acid at the same rate.
D) Both the lizard and the rabbit would be in oxygen deficiency.

Question 57

How does exercise proficiency affect natural selection in snowshoe hares?

A) Snowshoe hares that are better runners are better at evading predators.
B) Snowshoe hares that are slower runners are more efficient users of ATP.
C) Snowshoe hares that are better runners are better able to find food.
D) Exercise proficiency does not significantly affect natural selection snowshoe hares.

Question 58

Which statement regarding anoxia is false?

A) During anoxia, there is less oxygen available than the tissue demands.
B) During anoxia, vertebrates rely on anaerobic catabolism.
C) During anoxia, vertebrates generate a large amount of lactic acid.
D) During anoxia, vertebrates excrete excess lactic acid.

Question 59

Refer to the figure showing regulation and conformity in two species of related fish.
According to the figure, what do the dots scattered around the lines represent?

A) Mean rates of oxygen consumption of different species
B) Individual measurements of rate of oxygen consumption in one species
C) Death rates
D) Individual measurements of oxygen consumption in many species

Question 60

Refer to the figure showing regulation and conformity in two species of related fish.
According to the figure, as the concentration of oxygen in the water drops, the slopes of the lines change. What does this mean?

A) Animals go from becoming oxygen regulators to oxygen conformers.
B) Animals become physiologically compromised.
C) Animals go from becoming oxygen conformers to oxygen regulators.
D) Animals increase their metabolic rate.

Question 61

Refer to the figure showing regulation and conformity in two species of related fish.
Which graph represents the species better able to cope with hypoxic water?

A) Species in top graph
B) Species in bottom graph
C) Both species have the same tolerance for hypoxic water.
D) Neither species can tolerate hypoxic water.

Question 62

Which of the following does not occur in mammals in hypoxic situations?

A) ATP concentration in brain tissues falls drastically.
B) Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase pumps ions across the cell membrane to reverse the effects of hypoxia.
C) Action potentials cease.
D) The release of neurotransmitters is interrupted.

Question 63

Which animal can survive under completely anaerobic conditions?

A) Sea turtle
B) Slack-water darter
C) Clam
D) Leopard frog

Question 64

What occurs during anaerobiosis in invertebrates?

A) Decreased usage of alanine
B) Decreased usage of succinic acid
C) Decreased production of ATP
D) Decreased buffering mechanisms

Question 65

When invertebrate anaerobes excrete their anaerobic byproducts, most likely,

A) their body fluid will become more acidic.
B) their body fluid will become less acidic.
C) they will gain organic by-products.
D) their body fluid will remain neutral.

Question 66

Glucose undergoes 10 chemical reactions during glycolysis to become pyruvate. Name the reactants, enzymes, and products of two ATP-producing reactions in glycolysis.

Question 67

Glucose undergoes 10 chemical reactions during glycolysis to become pyruvate. Name the reactant, product, and enzyme of one NADH-producing reaction in glycolysis.

Question 68

What are the net yields of ATP, NADH, and FADH₂ molecules during the breakdown of one glucose molecule under aerobic conditions?
Glycolysis: ATP, NADH, FADH₂
Pyruvate oxidation: ATP, NADH, FADH₂
Citric acid cycle: ATP, NADH, FADH₂

Question 69

Name and state the function(s) of four of the six proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane that play a role in ATP synthesis.

Question 70

Explain what the fate of pyruvate would be under aerobic conditions and anaerobic conditions in a vertebrate muscle cell. Include the name(s) of the enzyme(s) used.

Question 71

Explain why reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be harmful to cells.

Question 72

Briefly describe the antioxidant mechanisms cells use to counter oxidative stress.

Question 73

What are phosphagens, and how can they be used to power muscle activities?

Question 74

Explain, on the molecular level, why muscles can generate ATP under anaerobic conditions, but neurons cannot.

Question 75

What is the pay-as-you-go phase?