Deck 24: The Respiratory System

Question 1

The largest laryngeal cartilage is the ________ cartilage, commonly called the Adam's apple.

A) thyroid
B) arytenoid
C) cricoid
D) corniculate
E) cuneiform

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following laryngeal cartilages are elastic cartilages?

A) cuneiform cartilages
B) arytenoid cartilages
C) cricoid cartilages
D) thyroid cartilage
E) corniculate cartilages

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The respiratory system functions in all, except ________.

A) sound reception
B) gas exchange
C) olfaction
D) gas conditioning
E) defense

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The external opening into the nasal cavity is through the ________.

A) posterior nasal apertures
B) pharyngeal cavity
C) nostrils
D) paranasal sinuses
E) inferior nasal conchae

Question 5

Filtration, warming, and humidification of inhaled air occur throughout the conducting portion of the respiratory system, but the greatest changes occur within (the)________.

A) nasal cavity
B) oral cavity
C) pharynx
D) carina
E) larynx

Question 6

Where are the openings of the auditory tubes located?

A) laryngopharynx
B) posterior nasal aperture
C) nasopharynx
D) superior meatus
E) oropharynx

Question 7

Within the trachea, the ________ contains mucous glands that secrete mucus onto the epithelial surface through secretory ducts.

A) serosa
B) muscularis externa
C) lamina propria
D) submucosa
E) adventitia

Question 8

The respiratory epithelium consists of which tissue type?

A) stratified squamous epithelium
B) transitional epithelium
C) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
D) simple ciliated columnar epithelium
E) pseudostratified ciliated squamous epithelium

Question 9

Which structure(s) is/are known as false vocal cords?

A) extrinsic ligaments
B) vocal folds
C) intrinsic ligaments
D) vestibular folds
E) vocal ligaments

Question 10

Which of the following structures is included in the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract?

A) posterior nasal apertures
B) alveoli
C) carina
D) main bronchi
E) lobar bronchi

Question 11

What structure prevents food and drink from entering the trachea; conducts air and produces sound?

A) the esophagus
B) the bronchi
C) the pharynx
D) the nasal cavity
E) the larynx

Question 12

The anterior portion of the nasal septum is formed of ________.

A) fibrocartilage
B) hyaline cartilage
C) elastic cartilage
D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
E) spongy bone

Question 13

Which statement is untrue regarding the oropharynx?

A) It houses the paired palatine tonsils.
B) It is located posterior to the oral cavity.
C) It houses the lingual tonsils.
D) It houses the pharyngeal tonsils.
E) It extends from the level of the hyoid bone to beginning of the esophagus.

Question 14

Which of the following structures is C-shaped?

A) cricoid cartilages
B) thyroid cartilage
C) tracheal cartilages
D) corniculate cartilages
E) arytenoid cartilages

Question 15

Inhaled air leaves the pharynx by passing through which structure?

A) carina
B) palatoglossal arch
C) uvula
D) glottis
E) laryngeal prominence

Question 16

Which systems share the pharynx?

A) respiratory and cardiovascular
B) endocrine and digestive
C) digestive and lymphatic
D) respiratory and endocrine
E) digestive and respiratory

Question 17

A bony hard palate, formed by the ________ and ________ bones, forms the floor of the nasal cavity and separates the oral and nasal cavities.

A) mandible; zygomatic
B) zygomatic; nasal
C) mandibuler; palatine
D) maxillae; nasal
E) maxillae; palatine

Question 18

The upper respiratory system consists of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and ________.

A) trachea
B) lungs
C) nasopharynx
D) bronchi
E) larynx

Question 19

The laryngopharynx is lined by which type of epithelium?

A) simple cuboidal
B) nonkeratinized stratified squamous
C) stratified squamous
D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar
E) nonkeratinized stratified columnar

Question 20

Which structure attaches each tracheal cartilage to its adjacent cartilage?

A) annular ligament
B) longitudinal ligament
C) lateral ligament
D) anterior esophageal ligament
E) posterior esophageal ligament

Question 21

At the level of ________ the trachea branches within the mediastinum, giving rise to the right and left main bronchi.

A) T₅
B) T₇
C) C₅
D) T₃
E) C₇

Question 22

Bronchodilation is caused by sympathetic activation and the release of which neurotransmitter?

A) acetylcholine
B) epinephrine
C) serotonin
D) dopamine
E) nitrous oxide

Question 23

Which inflammatory condition is characterized by frequent coughing with excessive mucus production and coughing up mucus?

A) adult respiratory distress syndrome
B) bronchitis
C) emphysema
D) asthma
E) neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Question 24

Which is a chronic, progressive condition characterized by shortness of breath and an inability to tolerate physical exertion, whose underlying problem is that the lung tissue has lost its elasticity?

A) bronchitis
B) respiratory distress syndrome
C) lung cancer
D) emphysema
E) asthma

Question 25

The walls of terminal bronchioles contain a significant amount of which tissue type?

A) smooth muscle
B) hyaline cartilage
C) skeletal muscle
D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
E) elastic cartilage

Question 26

The connective tissues of the interlobular septa are continuous with which structure(s) ?

A) visceral pericardium
B) visceral pleura
C) parietal pericardium
D) parietal pleura
E) hilum

Question 27

At which developmental stage do the type II alveolar cells begin producing surfactant?

A) the eighth fetal month
B) the end of the fourth fetal month
C) the end of the sixth fetal month
D) early fifth fetal month
E) early third fetal month

Question 28

The typical cell making up the alveolar wall is the ________.

A) type II alveolar cell
B) type I alveolar cell
C) alveolar macrophages
D) capillary endothelial cell
E) simple columnar cell

Question 29

Each lung consists of approximately how many alveoli?

A) 100,000
B) one billion
C) 500,000
D) 150 million
E) 100 billion

Question 30

The walls of the main, lobar, and segmental bronchi contain progressively lesser amounts of ________.

A) cartilage
B) smooth muscle
C) adipose tissue
D) epithelium
E) skeletal muscle

Question 31

Which structures divide to form segmental bronchi?

A) carina
B) segmental bronchi
C) main bronchi
D) lobar bronchi
E) bronchioles

Question 32

The right main bronchus is shorter, has a larger diameter, and descends toward the
Lung at a more ________ angle than the left.

A) horizontal
B) vertical
C) coronal
D) frontal
E) anteverted

Question 33

Which cell type produces surfactant?

A) type I alveolar cells
B) alveolar macrophages
C) type II alveolar cells
D) simple squamous cells
E) endothelial capillary cells

Question 34

Which hormone is involved with the regulation of blood volume and blood pressure?

A) angiotensin II
B) renin
C) erythropoietin
D) hydrolase
E) vasopressin

Question 35

The left lung is longer than the right lung because the diaphragm rises higher on the right side to accommodate which structure?

A) liver
B) spleen
C) heart
D) large intestine
E) stomach

Question 36

Each bronchopulmonary segment consists of the lung tissue associated with how many segmental bronchi?

A) five
B) three
C) one
D) four
E) two

Question 37

Which surfaces of both lungs bear grooves that mark the positions of the great vessels and the heart?

A) lateral
B) inferior
C) costal
D) anterior
E) mediastinal

Question 38

The carina is an internal ridge that lies between the entrances to the ________.

A) lower bronchi
B) main bronchi
C) bronchioles
D) lobar bronchi
E) segmental bronchi

Question 39

Which are the thinnest and most delicate branches of the bronchial tree?

A) segmental bronchi
B) lobar bronchi
C) terminal bronchioles
D) main bronchi
E) respiratory bronchioles

Question 40

The capillaries surrounding each alveolus are surrounded by a network of ________.

A) collagen
B) hyaline cartilage
C) reticular fibers
D) elastic cartilage
E) elastic fibers

Question 41

In a tracheostomy procedure, an incision is made through which structure?

A) carina
B) cricoid cartilage
C) anterior tracheal wall
D) right main bronchus
E) posterior tracheal wall

Question 42

The apicoposterior is a bronchopulmonary segment of which of the following?

A) inferior lobe of left lung
B) inferior lobe of right lung
C) middle lobe of right lung
D) superior lobe of left lung
E) superior lobe of right lung

Question 43

Why does diffusion across the respiratory membrane proceed very rapidly?

A) because the gases are lipid-soluble
B) because the distance across the respiratory membrane is short
C) because the basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium is fused with the adjacent capillaries
D) because the the surface area of the blood-air barrier is large
E) All answer choices are correct.

Question 44

Contraction of these muscles depresses the ribs during forced exhalation.

A) external intercostals
B) scalenes
C) transversus thoracis
D) internal intercostals
E) serratus posterior inferior

Question 45

In a fetus, the ductus arteriosus is the fetal connection between the pulmonary trunk and which structure(s) ?

A) aorta
B) superior vena cava
C) coronary sinus
D) inferior vena cava
E) thoracic arteries

Question 46

Which of the following regarding aging and the respiratory system is true?

A) The lungs' ability to deflate actually increases.
B) Respiratory volume remains unchanged after age 30.
C) Roughly one square foot of respiratory membrane is lost each year after age 30.
D) Emphysema is only present in individuals who smoke.
E) Elastic tissue in the respiratory system is not affected by age.

Question 47

The respiratory membrane consists of all elements, except ________.

A) capillary endothelium
B) fused basement membranes
C) type I cell
D) type II cell
E) All of these elements are part of the respiratory membrane.

Question 48

Higher centers that influence respiration are found in the cerebrum and in the ________.

A) epithalamus
B) cerebellum
C) pons
D) medulla
E) hypothalamus

Question 49

With increasing age, the reduction in the lungs' ability to inflate and deflate is due to the deterioration of ________ throughout the body.

A) lymphatic tissue
B) elastic tissue
C) smooth muscle
D) hyaline cartilage
E) skeletal muscle

Question 50

The apical bronchopulmonary segment is from which lobe of the lungs?

A) right middle lobe
B) right superior lobe
C) right inferior lobe
D) left superior lobe
E) left inferior lobe

Question 51

The respiratory centers are three pairs of loosely organized nuclei in the reticular formation of the pons and (the)________.

A) cerebellum
B) basal ganglia
C) pineal body
D) medulla oblongata
E) thalamus

Question 52

The left main bronchus divides into how many lobar bronchi?

A) one
B) four
C) five
D) three
E) two

Question 53

Which of the following is/are a primary respiratory muscle(s)for inhalation?

A) rectus abdominis
B) external oblique muscle
C) internal intercostal muscles
D) transversus thoracis muscle
E) external intercostal muscles

Question 54

Positive end-expiratory pressure is an effective treatment procedure for which condition?

A) lung cancer
B) emphysema
C) adult respiratory distress syndrome
D) bronchitis
E) asthma

Question 55

Surfactant abnormalities can develop in adults as the result of severe respiratory infections or pulmonary injuries, which may result in alveolar collapse, producing a condition known as ________.

A) adult respiratory distress syndrome
B) emphysema
C) positive end-expiratory pressure
D) lung cancer
E) neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Question 56

Regarding respiratory changes at birth, changes in blood flow that occur lead to the closure of the ________, the embryonic interatrial connection.

A) ductus venosus
B) foramen ovale
C) ligamentum arteriosum
D) foramen magnum
E) internal acoustic meatus

Question 57

In ________, the thoracic volume changes because the rib cage changes shape.

A) diaphragmatic breathing
B) hyperpnea
C) forced breathing
D) costal breathing
E) deep breathing

Question 58

Blood from the pulmonary veins enter which of the following structures?

A) coronary sinus
B) right ventricle
C) left ventricle
D) right atrium
E) left atrium

Question 59

Which structure or region separates the pleural cavities?

A) diaphragm
B) larynx
C) mediastinum
D) epiglottis
E) intercostal muscles

Question 60

Which condition can result from a hypersensitivity reaction (allergy), cold temperature, or exercise?

A) adult respiratory distress syndrome
B) emphysema
C) positive end-expiratory pressure
D) asthma
E) bronchitis

Question 61

Trace the pathway of inhaled air as it enters the vestibule of the nasal cavity to its final destination of entering the bloodstream in the lungs.

Question 62

Compare the stimuli of the three reflexes that are involved in the regulation of respiration.

Question 63

The lining of the trachea consists of respiratory epithelium overlying a layer of loose connective tissue called the lamina propria, which separates the respiratory epithelium from underlying cartilages.

Question 64

The maxillae, nasal and frontal bones, ethmoid, and sphenoid form the medial and inferior walls of the nasal cavity.

Question 65

The most important muscles involved in eupnea are the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles.

Question 66

What happens when a person who is choking is treated using the Heimlich maneuver?

Question 67

Figure 24.1

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label B.

A) Posterior nasal apertures
B) Laryngopharynx
C) Nasopharynx
D) Oropharynx
E) Nasal cavity

Question 68

Discuss the symptoms and etiology of cystic fibrosis.

Question 69

A seventy-five-year-old smoker goes to his doctor complaining of shortness of breath and a chronic cough. He is relieved to discover that he does not have cancer; but he has been diagnosed with emphysema. What anatomical changes occur in the lungs of a person with this condition?

Question 70

The right main bronchus has a larger diameter than the left, and it descends toward the lung at a steeper angle.

Question 71

The dorsal respiratory group of the respiratory rhythmicity center functions during every respiratory cycle, whether quiet or forced breathing.

Question 72

Compare and contrast eupnea and hyperpnea.

Question 73

The cricoid cartilage is a complete ring whose posterior portion is greatly expanded, providing support in the absence of the thyroid cartilage.

Question 74

Each pleural cavity actually represents a potential space rather than an open chamber, for the parietal and visceral layers are usually in close contact.

Question 75

Filtering, warming, and humidification of the inhaled air begins at the entrance to the upper respiratory system and continues throughout the rest of the conducting system.

Question 76

Prematurely born infants sometimes experience respiratory distress due to inadequate production of surfactant.

Question 77

Why do children tend to have high-pitched voices; and why do males typically have lower voices than do females?

Question 78

Some degree of emphysema is normally found in individuals aged 50-70.

Question 79

At birth, the newborn infant takes a first breath through powerful contractions of the diaphragmatic and serratus anterior muscles.

Question 80

Figure 24.1

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label A.

A) Nasopharynx
B) Nasal cavity
C) Oropharynx
D) Glottis
E) Laryngopharynx