Deck 25: The Digestive System

Question 1

Which function is controlled by the short myenteric reflexes?

A) segmentation
B) nutrient absorption
C) hepatic portal system circulation
D) coordinating local peristalsis
E) CNS reflexes

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Projections on the dorsum of the tongue, some of which house taste buds, are the ________.

A) taste buds
B) papillae
C) lingulae
D) frenulum
E) septa

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The ________ prevents extreme movements of the tongue; however if it is too restrictive, the individual cannot eat or speak normally.

A) frenulum of upper lip
B) genioglossus
C) hyoglossus
D) lingual frenulum
E) uvula

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is the pouch formed by the enlarged dorsal mesentery of the stomach?

A) mesentery proper
B) greater omentum
C) lesser omentum
D) transverse mesocolon
E) sigmoid mesocolon

Question 5

The ventral mesentery layer disappears along most of the digestive tract, persisting only on the ventral surface of the stomach as the ________, which is located between the stomach and liver.

A) falciform ligament
B) mesentery colon
C) greater omentum
D) mesocolon
E) lesser omentum

Question 6

Peristalsis ________.

A) is a condition wherein the lining of the digestive tract is irritated by the passage of rough fibrous material
B) consists of waves of muscular contractions that move along the length of the digestive tract
C) only occurs in the esophagus
D) is a muscular movement pattern that occurs in regions of the digestive tract where the smooth muscle fibers are not arranged in layers
E) is the same as segmentation

Question 7

Contraction of smooth muscle in the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves the epithelial pleats and folds.

A) myenteric neural plexus
B) mucosa
C) submucosa
D) muscularis mucosa
E) mesocolon

Question 8

Which of the following terms describes the movement of organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the digestive epithelium and into the interstitial fluid of the digestive tract?

A) ingestion
B) secretion
C) compaction
D) absorption
E) excretion

Question 9

For the majority of the GI tract, which layer(s)of the wall contains smooth muscle?

A) muscular layer and serosa
B) mucosa and adventitia/serosa
C) adventitia/serosa
D) mucosa and muscular layer
E) submucosa and muscular layer

Question 10

About 70 percent of the saliva originates in the ________ salivary glands.

A) parotid
B) submandibular
C) sublingual
D) pharyngeal
E) palatine

Question 11

The hardest biologically manufactured substance in the body is ________.

A) bone
B) cementum
C) dentine
D) pulp
E) enamel

Question 12

The areolar connective tissue found deep in the epithelial lining of the digestive tract is called ________.

A) basement membrane
B) mucosa
C) plica
D) lamina propria
E) adventitia

Question 13

Canines are also called ________.

A) molars
B) wisdom teeth
C) cuspids
D) incisors
E) bicuspids

Question 14

In areas where the digestive tract is not covered in serosa (pharynx, esophagus, and rectum)it is covered by a dense network of collagen fibers known as which of the following?

A) peritoneum
B) submucous neural plexus
C) adventitia
D) mucosa
E) myenteric neural plexus

Question 15

Taste buds are innervated by which cranial nerves?

A) N III, IV, V
B) N V, VI, VII
C) N VII, VIII, IX
D) N VII, IX, X
E) N VII, X, XII

Question 16

The correct order of the digestive tube layers, from lumen outward, is:
(1)mucosa
(2)muscular layer
(3)serosa
(4)submucosa

A) 3, 1, 2, 4
B) 4, 1, 2, 3
C) 4, 2, 3, 1
D) 1, 4, 2, 3
E) 1, 4, 3, 2

Question 17

Which of the following is an intraperitoneal organ?

A) abdominal aorta
B) stomach
C) ureter
D) pancreas
E) duodenum

Question 18

Regarding the histological organization of the digestive tract, the ________ is a layer of dense, irregularly arranged connective tissue that surrounds the muscularis mucosae.

A) muscular layer
B) submucosa
C) adventitia
D) serosa
E) mucosa

Question 19

How many deciduous teeth are usually present?

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 32
E) 40

Question 20

The largest salivary gland is which of the following?

A) submandibular
B) sublingual
C) parotid
D) pharyngeal
E) palatine

Question 21

Which portion of the stomach opens into the duodenum?

A) cardia
B) body
C) fundus
D) cardiac orifice
E) pyloric canal

Question 22

The arrival of food in the stomach stimulates chemoreceptors in which layer?

A) submucosa
B) adventitia
C) serosa
D) muscular layer
E) mucosa

Question 23

Which feature is seen on the medial surface of the stomach?

A) greater curvature
B) greater omentum
C) lesser curvature
D) body
E) pylorus

Question 24

The stomach mucosa contains numerous shallow depressions called ________.

A) gastric cardia
B) gastric pits
C) gastric glands
D) intestinal glands
E) pyloric glands

Question 25

The ________ is the region of the stomach, which extends to the entrance to the duodenum and whose muscular sphincter regulates the passage of materials into the duodenum.

A) pylorus
B) body
C) cardia
D) antrum
E) ileum

Question 26

Sympathetic innervation of the digestive system ________.

A) promotes gastric activity
B) inhibits gastric activity
C) stimulates digestive gland secretions
D) stimulates peristalsis
E) relaxes sphincters along digestive tract

Question 27

The ________ artery supplies blood directly to the fundus of the stomach.

A) right gastric
B) splenic
C) gastroepiploic
D) common hepatic
E) left gastric

Question 28

The mucosa of the esophagus contains an abrasion-resistant ________.

A) inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers
B) simple, branched tubular glands
C) nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
E) connective tissue

Question 29

Which phase of deglutition is under voluntary control?

A) pharyngeal phase
B) esophageal phase
C) buccal phase
D) laryngeal phase
E) gastric phase

Question 30

Which of these arteries does not supply blood to the GI tract?

A) superior mesenteric artery
B) celiac trunk
C) hepatic artery
D) inferior mesenteric artery
E) All of these arteries supply blood to the GI tract.

Question 31

Which of the following is the deepest muscular layer of the stomach?

A) oblique layer of smooth muscle
B) longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
C) muscularis mucosae
D) circular layer of smooth muscle
E) adventitia

Question 32

The chief cells near the base of a gastric gland secrete ________, which is converted by the acids in the gastric lumen to an active proteolytic enzyme.

A) cholecystokinin
B) rennin
C) secretin
D) intrinsic factor
E) pepsinogen

Question 33

Parietal cells, chief cells, and G cells are major components of which structure?

A) gastric pits
B) serosa
C) gastric folds
D) villi
E) gastric glands

Question 34

Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and ________.

A) pepsin
B) pepsinogen
C) intrinsic factor
D) gastrin
E) mucus

Question 35

The region of the stomach that is superior to the gastroesophageal junction is the ________.

A) cardia
B) pylorus
C) fundus
D) greater curvature
E) body

Question 36

The inferior third of the esophageal muscularis mucosae consists of which tissue?

A) stratified nonkeratinized squamous epithelium
B) skeletal muscle and adipose connective tissue
C) an equal mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle cells
D) only smooth muscle
E) only skeletal muscle

Question 37

Which fold of mesentery extends from the liver to the stomach and the first segment of the duodenum?

A) coronary ligament
B) falciform ligament
C) mesentery proper
D) lesser omentum
E) hepatic ligament

Question 38

During the late phase of the swallowing process, the approach of the bolus triggers the opening of the weak ________, and the bolus then continues into the stomach.

A) lower esophageal sphincter
B) pyloric sphincter
C) pharyngeal constrictor
D) glottis
E) ileocecal valve

Question 39

Which feature provides protection for the interior surface of the stomach against the acids and enzymes in the gastric lumen?

A) the shallow depressions called gastric pits
B) the carpet of mucus secreted by the columnar epithelium, which covers the luminal portions of the stomach
C) the rapid rate of mechanical mixing of the stomach contents, which exposes the lining to chyme for only a short time
D) the esophageal sphincter
E) chief cells of the deepest portions of a gastric gland

Question 40

The lining of the small intestine bears a series of transverse folds called ________, which are a permanent feature of the intestinal lining.

A) teniae coli
B) circular folds
C) intestinal villi
D) rugae
E) haustra

Question 41

Lacteals are found in which layer of each villus of the small intestine?

A) submucosa
B) lamina propria
C) myenteric plexus
D) adventitia
E) serosa

Question 42

Which of the following increases the surface area for digestion and absorption in the mucosa of the small intestine?

A) teniae coli
B) rugae
C) omenta
D) microvilli
E) lacteals

Question 43

The ________ arteries supplies the majority of the blood to the large intestine?

A) inferior and superior mesenteric arteries
B) left gastric artery
C) celiac artery
D) lumbar artery and iliac arteries
E) hepatic and renal arteries

Question 44

Which subdivision of the small intestine is connected to the pylorus?

A) jejunum
B) cecum
C) body
D) duodenum
E) ileum

Question 45

Which hormone stimulates the production and secretion of digestive pancreatic enzymes?

A) insulin
B) erythropoietin
C) glucagon
D) vasopressin
E) cholecystokinin

Question 46

Which of the following are functions of the gallbladder?

A) secretion of cholecystokinin
B) secretion of gastrin
C) storage and modification of bile
D) breakdown of erythrocytes
E) storage of lymph

Question 47

Bile ejection from the gallbladder occurs under stimulation of the hormone ________, which is released into the bloodstream at the duodenum when chyme arrives containing large amounts of lipids and partially digested proteins.

A) gastrin
B) secretin
C) intrinsic factor
D) cholecystokinin
E) pepsin

Question 48

Which statement regarding the histology of the large intestine is true?

A) The wall of the large intestine is thicker than that of the small intestine.
B) There are fewer goblet cells in the large intestine compared to the small intestine.
C) There is no longitudinal muscle layer present.
D) Lymphoid nodules are not present.
E) The large intestine lacks villi.

Question 49

The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in which subdivision of the small intestine?

A) ileum
B) duodenum
C) cardia
D) jejunum
E) pylorus

Question 50

At the right colic flexure, the ________ curves anteriorly and crosses the abdomen from right to left.

A) descending colon
B) cecum
C) transverse colon
D) sigmoid colon
E) ascending colon

Question 51

The pancreatic ducts secrete buffers such as ________.

A) sodium bicarbonate
B) potassium chloride
C) magnesium bicarbonate
D) sodium chloride
E) calcium carbonate

Question 52

Intestinal glands contain ________ cells which are responsible for the production of several intestinal hormones.

A) enteroendocrine
B) chief
C) oxyntic
D) mucous
E) parietal

Question 53

The liver is suspended from the inferior surface of the diaphragm by the ________.

A) round ligament
B) falciform ligament
C) mesentery proper
D) ligamentum teres
E) coronary ligament

Question 54

Problems caused by reduced bile secretion may include ________.

A) constipation
B) appendicitis
C) a reduced ability to digest lipids
D) decreased intestinal motility
E) decreased protein digestion in the jejunum

Question 55

Which of the following is/are described as the series of pouches that are formed by the colon wall?

A) omental appendices
B) haustra
C) circular folds
D) teniae coli
E) rugae

Question 56

The muscular layer of the large intestine differs from that of other intestinal regions because the longitudinal layer has been reduced to the thin muscular bands of the ________.

A) omental appendices
B) haustra
C) rugae
D) teniae coli
E) circular folds

Question 57

The right colic flexure is also known as which of the following?

A) hepatic flexure
B) transverse colon
C) sigmoid flexure
D) anal canal
E) splenic flexure

Question 58

The teniae coli run along the outer surfaces of the colon just deep to the ________.

A) lamina propria
B) serosa
C) muscular layer
D) submucosa
E) mucosa

Question 59

The longest portion of the small intestine is the ________.

A) duodenum
B) jejunum
C) ileum
D) colon
E) cecum

Question 60

The hormone ________ triggers the production of the watery pancreatic juice containing buffers.

A) insulin
B) erythropoietin
C) glucagon
D) secretin
E) cholecystokinin

Question 61

Structures that unite to form the common bile duct include:
(1)duodenal ampulla
(2)porta hepatis
(3)cystic duct
(4)common hepatic duct
(5)duodenal papilla

A) 1, 2
B) 1, 2, 3
C) 3, 4
D) 1, 3, 5
E) 2, 4

Question 62

The submandibular ducts open into the floor of the oral cavity, lateral to the lingual frenulum.

Question 63

Which mesenteric fold attaches the liver to the anterior body wall?

A) coronary ligament
B) falciform ligament
C) mesentery proper
D) transverse mesocolon
E) hepatic ligament

Question 64

Deep to the lamina propria of the mucosa of the pharynx lies a dense layer of elastic fibers, which are bound to the underlying skeletal muscles involved in swallowing.

Question 65

The region of the stomach at which the esophagus contacts the lateral surface of the stomach is called the cardia, so named because of its proximity to the heart.

Question 66

Neither the upper nor the lower portion of the esophagus has a well-defined sphincter muscle comparable to those located elsewhere along the digestive tract.

Question 67

Stellate macrophages are phagocytes found in which structure(s) ?

A) gallbladder
B) parotid salivary gland
C) sublingual salivary gland
D) liver
E) pancreas

Question 68

The accessory pancreatic duct empties into which structure?

A) stomach
B) duodenum
C) cecum
D) jejunum
E) ileum

Question 69

Which of the following is the ventral mesentery on the liver, marking the division between the left and right lobe?

A) mesentery proper
B) round ligament
C) lesser omentum
D) falciform ligament
E) coronary ligament

Question 70

The palatopharyngeal arches of the oral cavity extend from the soft palate to the side of the pharynx. Each arch consists of a mucous membrane and the underlying palatopharyngeus muscle and associated tissues.

Question 71

During the aging process, the ________ in the digestive epithelium divide less frequently so tissue repair is less efficient.

A) keratinocytes
B) Merkel cells
C) stem cells
D) melanocytes
E) Langerhans cells

Question 72

Aging may be detrimental to the function of the digestive tract because ________.

A) the tone of the smooth musculature increases
B) the rate of epithelial stem cell division increases
C) the effects of cumulative damage become apparent
D) aged cells and tissues are more efficient at tissue repair
E) cancer rate decreases

Question 73

Which hepatic vessel supplies nutrients and other chemicals absorbed from the small intestine to the liver?

A) hepatic vein
B) hepatic artery proper
C) hepatic portal vein
D) sinusoid
E) central vein

Question 74

Circulating levels of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids are regulated by which digestive organ?

A) pancreas
B) liver
C) gallbladder
D) parotid salivary gland
E) large intestine

Question 75

In the digestive function of excretion, waste products are secreted into the digestive tract, primarily by the accessory glands (especially the liver).

Question 76

Smooth muscle in the digestive tract shows rhythmic cycles of activity because of the presence of pacesetter cells, which are found in both the muscularis mucosae and muscular layer that surround the lumen of the digestive tract.

Question 77

The inner lining, or submucosa, of the digestive tract consists of a layer of loose connective tissue covered by an epithelium moistened by glandular secretions. The submucosal epithelium may be stratified or simple, depending on the location and the stresses involved.

Question 78

The basic functional unit of the liver is (the)________.

A) hepatocyte
B) lobule
C) stellate macrophages
D) falciform ligament
E) urinipherous tubule

Question 79

What tissue type lines each pancreatic acinus?

A) smooth muscle
B) stratified squamous epithelium
C) simple ciliated columnar epithelium
D) simple cuboidal epithelium
E) hyaline cartilage

Question 80

Which vessel drains the pancreas?

A) pancreatic vein
B) hepatic portal vein
C) central vein
D) hepatic vein
E) splenic vein