Deck 26: The Urinary System

Question 1

The capillaries of the glomerulus differ from other capillary networks in the body because they ________.

A) carry only deoxygenated blood
B) drain into an arteriole rather than a venule
C) contain no endothelium
D) absorb nutrients from the glomerular capsule
E) drain into a venule rather than an arteriole

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Describe the composition of the filtrate that escapes from the glomerular capillaries.

A) composition similar to that of plasma
B) composition similar to that of whole blood
C) a fluid similar to plasma, but without the blood proteins
D) water only
E) equal to the composition of the urine arriving at the renal pelvis

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Each kidney receives blood from (the)________.

A) descending aorta
B) renal arteries
C) common iliac arteries
D) internal iliac arteries
E) celiac trunk

Answer 3

B

Question 4

About 85 percent of the nephrons are classified as which of the following?

A) juxtamedullary
B) medullary
C) cortical
D) renal
E) papillary

Question 5

Which structure separates the parietal and visceral epithelia of the glomerular capsule?

A) renal column
B) vascular pole
C) lobar space
D) capsular space
E) renal papilla

Question 6

What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron?

A) active secretion of ions, acids, and other materials
B) selective reabsorption of potassium ions from the filtrate
C) active alkaline secretion
D) reabsorption of urine
E) filtration of blood

Question 7

Blood enters the nephron via ________.

A) efferent arteriole
B) renal artery
C) afferent arteriole
D) various venules
E) lobar artery

Question 8

Which is/are the known function(s)of the sympathetic innervation of the kidneys?

A) stimulation of digestive function
B) regulates glomerular blood flow and filtration rates
C) inhibition of water reabsorption
D) inhibition of sodium ion reabsorption
E) stimulation of oxytocin

Question 9

The capillaries of the glomerulus are ________.

A) sinusoidal
B) fenestrated
C) continuous
D) metarterioles
E) venules

Question 10

Which is the first part of the renal tubule?

A) nephron loop
B) proximal convoluted tubule
C) glomerular capsule
D) glomerulus
E) distal convoluted tubule

Question 11

Which of the following are cells found between the endothelial cells of adjacent capillaries that play a role in regulating glomerular blood flow and filtration?

A) filtration slits
B) mesangial cells
C) podocytes
D) fenestrated cells
E) pyramidal cells

Question 12

From innermost to outermost, the protective layers on the kidney are the ________.

A) fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, pararenal fat body
B) renal corpuscle, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat
C) renal fascia, pararenal fat, renal corpuscle, perinephric fat
D) renal fascia, perinephric fat, fibrous capsule, renal corpuscle
E) fibrous capsule, renal corpuscle, renal fascia, perinephric fat

Question 13

Which of the following drains into a minor calyx in the renal pelvis?

A) papillary duct
B) collecting duct
C) proximal convoluted tubule
D) renal corpuscle
E) distal convoluted tubule

Question 14

Which of the following are the blood vessels at the boundary of the renal cortex and renal medulla?

A) interlobar artery and vein
B) cortical radiate artery and vein
C) glomerular artery and vein
D) segmental artery and vein
E) arcuate artery and vein

Question 15

Ducts within each renal papilla empty urine into a cup-shaped drain, called a ________.

A) major calyx
B) minor calyx
C) renal medulla
D) renal pelvis
E) renal calyx

Question 16

Which of the following statements regarding the glomerulus is correct?

A) It is a portion of the proximal convoluted tubule.
B) It is a capillary network contained within the renal corpuscle.
C) It occurs in the nephron loop.
D) It filters urine just prior to its exit from the kidney.
E) It empties directly into the interlobar veins.

Question 17

The kidneys are innervated by which of the following?

A) ureteric nerves
B) renal nerves
C) pelvic nerves
D) celiac plexus
E) sacral nerves

Question 18

A typical adult kidney weighs about 150 grams and measures about ________.

A) 12 cm long, 6.5 cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick
B) 10 cm long, 5.5 cm wide, and 3 cm thick
C) 15 cm long, 10.5 cm wide, and 4.5 cm thick
D) 8 cm long, 10.5 cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick
E) 12 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, and 8 cm thick

Question 19

The kidneys, adrenal glands, and ureters, which lie against the muscles of the posterior body wall, are all ________.

A) intraperitoneal
B) medial to the aorta
C) retroperitoneal
D) at the level between T₁₀ and L₁
E) at the level between C₇ and T₃

Question 20

Blood exits the nephron via ________.

A) efferent arteriole
B) renal artery
C) afferent arteriole
D) various venules
E) lobar artery

Question 21

An obstruction in the glomerulus would increase the blood pressure in the ________.

A) afferent arteriole
B) renal artery
C) efferent arteriole
D) intralobular artery
E) lobular vein

Question 22

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)controls the permeability of the ________.

A) proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
B) collecting system
C) nephron loop
D) glomerulus
E) trigone

Question 23

The three layers of the muscular layer of the urinary bladder are collectively known as which of the following?

A) external urethral sphincter
B) trigone
C) ductus deferens
D) internal urethral sphincter
E) detrusor muscle

Question 24

Which layer is not found in the wall of the ureter?

A) adventitia
B) muscular layer
C) mucosa
D) submucosa
E) All of these are found in the wall of the ureter.

Question 25

Which area of the nephron lacks microvilli and is under aldosterone control for the reabsorption of sodium?

A) nephron loop
B) proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
C) distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
D) papillary duct
E) glomerulus

Question 26

The external urethral sphincter of the urinary bladder is under the voluntary control of the perineal branch of which nerve?

A) iliohypogastric nerve
B) pudendal nerve
C) ilioinguinal nerve
D) testicular or ovarian nerve
E) urethral nerve

Question 27

The glomerular epithelium consists of large cells with secondary processes or "feet" that wrap around the glomerular capillaries. These cells are called ________.

A) podocytes
B) mesangial cells
C) juxtaglomerular cells
D) detrusor cells
E) fenestrated capillary cells

Question 28

Which of the following are described as the gaps between the secondary processes of the podocytes?

A) urachus
B) glomeruli
C) filtration slits
D) convoluted tubules
E) renal papillae

Question 29

The entry point for the renal artery and the exit for the renal vein and ureter is the ________.

A) renal sinus
B) minor calyx
C) collecting duct
D) hilum
E) major calyx

Question 30

The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the ________.

A) juxtaglomerular complex
B) renal pyramid
C) renal corpuscle
D) nephron loop
E) renal papilla

Question 31

Adipose tissue that surrounds the fibrous capsule is called the ________.

A) renal cortex
B) perinephric fat
C) renal medulla
D) pararenal fat body
E) renal pyramid

Question 32

Individual collecting tubules connect each nephron to which nearby structure?

A) proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
B) ascending limb
C) collecting duct
D) descending limb
E) distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Question 33

Which is the correct order of the structures of the male urethra, from the bladder to the exterior?
(1)collecting duct
(2)spongy urethra
(3)descending limb
(4)membranous urethra
(5)prostatic urethra

A) 1, 3, 5
B) 2, 4
C) 4, 2, 1
D) 5, 4, 2
E) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Question 34

The ureters ________.

A) are retroperitoneal
B) float freely within the abdominal cavity
C) take exactly the same path to the bladder in men and women
D) have specialized subdivisions called the urethrae
E) function in reabsorption of sodium ions

Question 35

What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule?

A) providing support to the nephron
B) secretion
C) filtration
D) increased retention of sodium ions
E) production of vasopressin

Question 36

The renal medulla consists of six to eighteen distinct conical or triangular structures, called ________.

A) collecting ducts
B) proximal convoluted tubules
C) renal pyramids
D) distal convoluted tubules
E) minor calices

Question 37

The proximal convoluted tubule begins at the ________ of the renal corpuscle, opposite the vascular pole.

A) distal convoluted tubule
B) tubular pole
C) ureters
D) glomerulus
E) nephron loop

Question 38

The juxtaglomerular complex adjusts glomerular filtration rates by secretion of which hormones?

A) vasopressin and erythropoietin
B) oxytocin and vasopressin
C) renin and erythropoietin
D) gastrin and insulin
E) glucagon and renin

Question 39

About how much blood flows through the kidneys each minute?

A) 800 ml
B) 1200 ml
C) 1500 ml
D) 2000 ml
E) 3000 ml

Question 40

The secondary function of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)to reabsorb sodium is controlled by which hormone(s)?

A) aldosterone
B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) renin
D) cortisol
E) aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 41

The triangular area bounded by the urethral openings and the entrance to the urethra constitutes the ________.

A) external urethral sphincter
B) detrusor muscle
C) internal urethral sphincter
D) renal sinus
E) trigone

Question 42

Collagen fibers extend outward from the inner fibrous capsule through the perinephric fat to a dense outer layer known as the renal fascia.

Question 43

Which muscle is responsible for stopping the micturition reflex and allowing a person to stop voiding?

A) internal urethral sphincter
B) detrusor muscle
C) external urethral sphincter
D) pectineus muscle
E) internal obturator muscle

Question 44

The urge to urinate first develops when the urinary bladder contains approximately how much urine?

A) 50 ml
B) 100 ml
C) 200 ml
D) 500 ml
E) 750 ml

Question 45

Which is not one of the changes in the urinary system due to aging?

A) reduced blood flow to the kidneys
B) decrease in number of functional nephrons
C) decreased response to aldosterone and ADH
D) decreased glomerular filtration rate
E) gradual increase in kidney size due to fluid retention

Question 46

The ascending limb contains active transport mechanisms that pump sodium and chloride ions out of the tubular fluid.

Question 47

Age-related changes in the urinary system include ________.

A) an increase in the number of cortical nephrons
B) an increase in the overall amount of glomerular filtration
C) reduced sensitivity to ADH
D) greater reabsorption of water
E) increase in renal blood flow efficiency

Question 48

Which layer of the urethra is thick and elastic?

A) adventitia
B) lamina propria
C) submucosa
D) serosa
E) muscularis externa

Question 49

With age, the distal portions of the nephron and the entire collecting system become less responsive to antidiuretic hormone (ADH). As a result, urination becomes more frequent, and daily fluid requirements increase.

Question 50

The urine arriving at the renal pelvis is of the same composition as that of the filtrate produced at the renal corpuscle.

Question 51

The ability to control micturition is often lost after a stroke, Alzheimer's disease, or other CNS problems affecting the cerebral cortex or ________.

A) hypothalamus
B) hippocampus
C) reticular activating system
D) pineal body
E) corpora quadrigemina

Question 52

The mechanism whereby benign enlargement of the prostate affects urinary function in older men may be due to which of the following?

A) compression of the membranous urethra
B) compression of the body of the bladder
C) compression of the opening of the ureters into the bladder
D) compression of the prostatic urethra
E) deterioration of the detrusor muscle

Question 53

The lateral umbilical ligaments, which pass along the sides of the bladder and also reach the umbilicus, are fibrous cords that contain the vestiges of the umbilical arteries that supplied blood to the placenta during embryonic and fetal development.

Question 54

The peritoneum covers the inferior surfaces of the urinary bladder; and several peritoneal folds assist in stabilizing its position.

Question 55

From the nephrons, blood enters a network of venules and small veins that converge on the interlobular veins.

Question 56

Regarding age-related changes in the urinary system, the total number of kidney nephrons drops by 75-85 percent between ages 25 and 85.

Question 57

Peritubular capillaries are associated with cortical nephrons, while vasa recta are associated with juxtamedullary nephrons.

Question 58

The spongy urethra ________.

A) is found only in males
B) is the longest portion of the urethra
C) extends from the membranous urethra to the external urethral orifice
D) is lined proximally by transitional which changes to pseudostratified columnar epithelium and distally by stratified squamous epithelium
E) All choices are correct.

Question 59

If a patient has two damaged kidneys, what is the resulting condition? What are the treatment options?

Question 60

The inner mucosa of each ureter is lined by ________.

A) simple ciliated columnar epithelium
B) stratified columnar epithelium
C) simple cuboidal epithelium
D) transitional epithelium
E) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 61

Why are women more susceptible to contracting urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

Question 62

Figure 26.2

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label F.

A) Left renal vein
B) Left renal artery
C) Left adrenal vein
D) Abdominal aorta
E) Left ureter

Question 63

Figure 26.2

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label C.

A) Left adrenal artery
B) Left renal artery
C) Left renal vein
D) Inferior mesenteric artery
E) Superior mesenteric artery

Question 64

What is pyelitis? What is/are the cause(s)and consequences of this condition?

Question 65

Figure 26.1

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label S.

A) Left renal vein
B) Inferior vena cava
C) Left ureter
D) Left renal artery
E) Aorta

Question 66

Figure 26.2

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label B.

A) Left renal artery
B) Inferior mesenteric artery
C) Left adrenal artery
D) Superior mesenteric artery
E) Left renal vein

Question 67

Figure 26.1

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label D.

A) Pancreas
B) Spleen
C) Right kidney
D) Stomach
E) Right adrenal gland

Question 68

Figure 26.2

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label E.

A) Abdominal aorta
B) Left renal vein
C) Left ureter
D) Left adrenal vein
E) Inferior vena cava

Question 69

Figure 26.1

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label E.

A) Right kidney
B) Liver
C) Right adrenal gland
D) Spleen
E) Stomach

Question 70

Figure 26.2

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label H.

A) Left adrenal vein
B) Abdominal aorta
C) Left renal artery
D) Left ureter
E) Left renal vein

Question 71

Figure 26.2

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label A.

A) Liver
B) Left kidney
C) Spleen
D) Urinary bladder
E) Left adrenal gland

Question 72

Figure 26.1

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label F.

A) Medulla
B) Hilum
C) Greater omentum
D) Hepatoduodenal ligament
E) Lesser omentum

Question 73

Figure 26.3

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label B.

A) Renal papilla
B) Renal medulla
C) Capsule
D) Cortex
E) Renal sinus

Question 74

Figure 26.1

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label R.

A) Left urethra
B) Aorta
C) Left renal vein
D) Inferior vena cava
E) Left ureter

Question 75

Figure 26.1

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label L.

A) Uterus
B) Fallopian tube
C) Adrenal gland
D) Urinary bladder
E) Spleen

Question 76

Figure 26.1

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label P.

A) Inferior vena cava
B) Left ureter
C) Aorta
D) Left renal vein
E) Left urethra

Question 77

Figure 26.1

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label B.

A) Aorta
B) Hepatic portal vein
C) Superior vena cava
D) Renal vein
E) Inferior vena cava

Question 78

Figure 26.2

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label I.

A) Urinary bladder
B) Left adrenal gland
C) Spleen
D) Liver
E) Left kidney

Question 79

What is/are the cause(s)of local blockages exist in the conducting system (collecting tubules, collecting ducts, or ureters)? What problems could develop from such blockages?

Question 80

Figure 26.2

Identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label D.

A) Inferior mesenteric artery
B) Left renal vein
C) Left renal artery
D) Left adrenal artery
E) Superior mesenteric artery