Deck 4: The Integumentary System

Question 1

Thick skin can be found on the sole and the ________.

A) scalp
B) back of thorax
C) abdomen
D) palm
E) knee surface

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Carotene normally accumulates inside ________.

A) melanocytes
B) Merkel cells
C) Langerhans cells
D) apocrine glands
E) keratinocytes

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which of the following layers of the cutaneous membrane stores lipid reserves?

A) subcutaneous layer
B) stratum basale
C) stratum corneum
D) papillary layer of dermis
E) stratum granulosum

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The epidermis in a section of thin skin includes the following four layers. In what order do these occur, from the basal lamina to the superficial surface?
(1)stratum granulosum
(2)stratum corneum
(3)stratum basale
(4)stratum spinosum

A) 1, 2, 3, 4
B) 3, 4, 1, 2
C) 4, 3, 2, 1
D) 3, 2, 4, 1
E) 1, 3, 4, 2

Question 5

Merkel cells are found in which epidermal layer?

A) stratum corneum
B) stratum spinosum
C) stratum lucidum
D) stratum basale
E) stratum granulosum

Question 6

Cyanosis is a result of ________.

A) increased carotene
B) sustained reduction of oxygen content in blood
C) decreased melanin
D) increased vitamin D
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 7

The epidermal layer that is found only in thick skin is called ________.

A) stratum corneum
B) stratum basale
C) stratum granulosum
D) stratum spinosum
E) stratum lucidum

Question 8

Skin surfaces that lack hair contain specialized epithelial cells called ________, which are sensitive to touch.

A) melanocytes
B) keratinocytes
C) Merkel cells
D) Eccrine glands
E) Langerhans cells

Question 9

The most superficial layer of the epidermis in which all the cells still possess a nucleus is the ________.

A) stratum corneum
B) stratum basale
C) stratum spinosum
D) stratum granulosum
E) stratum lucidum

Question 10

Each keratinocyte in the ________ contains tonofibrils.

A) stratum corneum
B) stratum basale
C) stratum granulosum
D) stratum spinosum
E) papillary layer of dermis

Question 11

Specialized epithelial cells in the stratum basale, which release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve endings, are called ________.

A) melanocytes
B) Merkel cells
C) Langerhans cells
D) keratinocytes
E) stem cells

Question 12

Which of the following cell types trigger an immune response in the stratum spinosum?

A) Langerhans (dendritic) cells
B) keratinocytes
C) melaocytes
D) mast cells
E) Merkel cells

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the epidermis?

A) excretes
B) stores lipids
C) synthesizes vitamin D3
D) regulates body temperature
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 14

Skin color is due to ________.

A) dermal blood supply
B) ultraviolet exposure
C) melanin
D) carotene
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 15

The epidermis is primarily composed of which type of epithelium?

A) stratified squamous
B) stratified cuboidal
C) simple squamous
D) simple columnar
E) transitional

Question 16

The integument is separated from the deep fascia around the other organs by (the)________.

A) epidermis
B) dermis
C) subcutaneous layer
D) cutaneous membrane
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 17

In the dermis, repeated ultraviolet exposure can result in damage to ________, causing abnormal connective tissue structure and premature wrinkling.

A) Langerhans cells
B) Merkel cells
C) sebaceous glands
D) fibrocytes
E) melanocytes

Question 18

Which epidermal layer is not distinguishable in thin skin, and cells do not stain well in standard histological preparations?

A) stratum spinosum
B) stratum basale
C) stratum corneum
D) stratum granulosum
E) stratum lucidum

Question 19

The most abundant cells in the epidermis are ________.

A) melanocytes
B) keratinocytes
C) Merkel cells
D) Langerhans cells
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 20

It takes ________ for a cell to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum.

A) 10-24 hours
B) 15-30 days
C) 3-7 days
D) 2-3 weeks
E) 2-3 months

Question 21

The subcutaneous layer consists of loose connective tissue with abundant ________.

A) keratinocytes
B) adipocytes
C) Merkel cells
D) melanocytes
E) sebaceous glands

Question 22

Nerve fibers in the skin are found in which of the following layers?

A) epidermis
B) reticular layer of dermis
C) papillary layer of dermis
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 23

Basal cell carcinoma originates in this layer of the skin.

A) stratum basale of epidermis
B) papillary layer of dermis
C) reticular layer of dermis
D) subcutaneous layer
E) stratum corneum of epidermis

Question 24

The blood supply to the skin is called (the)________.

A) brachial plexus
B) cutaneous plexus
C) celiac plexus
D) venous anastomosis
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 25

The superficial layer of the dermis consists of ________.

A) stratified squamous epithelial tissue
B) loose connective tissue
C) denser regular connective tissue
D) dense irregular connective tissue
E) simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

Question 26

The cells found in sweat glands that function to squeeze sweat out of the gland are called ________.

A) neuroepithelial cells
B) stratified columnar cells
C) transitional cells
D) myoepithelial cells
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 27

________ reflect the orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis of the skin.

A) Tension lines
B) Tactile discs
C) Wrinkles
D) Stretch marks
E) All of these choices are correct

Question 28

Fine hairs covering the general surface of the body are ________.

A) vellus hairs
B) terminal hairs
C) intermediate hairs
D) heavily pigmented hairs
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 29

At the end of a hair's growth cycle, which of the following occurs?

A) The follicle becomes inactive.
B) Club hairs form.
C) Connections between the hair matrix and other structures break down.
D) Old hair gets pushed toward the surface.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 30

Which of the following terms refers to fine, unpigmented hairs, which first appear after roughly three months of embryonic development?

A) lanugo
B) vernix
C) terminal
D) vellus
E) intermediate

Question 31

The two groups of sweat glands in the skin are ________.

A) sebaceous and eccrine
B) apocrine and endocrine
C) holocrine and endocrine
D) eccrine and apocrine
E) adrenal and holocrine

Question 32

Which of the following structures produce black, yellow-brown, or brown pigment?

A) tactile corpuscles
B) Ruffini corpuscles
C) lamellated corpuscles
D) melanocytes
E) Merkel cells

Question 33

A single layer of dead, keratinized cells at the outer surface of the hair overlap and form the ________.

A) cortex
B) cuticle
C) medulla
D) soft keratin
E) external root sheath

Question 34

Eccrine sweat glands ________.

A) are most common in the axilla
B) are the same as apocrine glands
C) function in thermoregulation
D) are usually attached to hair follicles
E) produce a potentially odorous secretion

Question 35

Variations in hair color reflect differences in hair structure and ________.

A) variations in the pigments produced by melanocytes at the papilla
B) age of the individual
C) air bubbles in the medulla of the hair shaft
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 36

Which of the following is not present in the subcutaneous layer which allows this area to be advantageous for injections?

A) vital organs
B) capillaries
C) adipose
D) nerve fibers
E) lymphatic vessels

Question 37

The subcutaneous layer is important in ________.

A) connecting the dermis to the epidermis
B) stabilizing the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues
C) preventing unacceptable water losses through the skin
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 38

Functions of the hair on the body include ________.

A) protecting the skin from ultraviolet radiation
B) cushioning blows
C) providing insulating benefits
D) providing nervous sensation
E) All of the answers are correct

Question 39

Wrinkles in the skin can be caused by ________.

A) increasing age
B) changes in levels of hormones
C) the effects of ultraviolet radiation
D) distortion of the dermis during pregnancy or weight gain
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 40

Which of the following parts of a hair is/are usually seen on the surface?

A) cortex, medulla, follicle
B) bulb, root, shaft
C) follicle, bulb, cuticle, cortex
D) hard keratin, bulb, root
E) shaft only

Question 41

The decrease in which of the following cells occurs with aging, thereby reducing the sensitivity of the immune system?

A) Langerhans cells
B) Merkel cells
C) melanocytes
D) keratinocytes
E) tactile corpuscles

Question 42

Eyebrows and eyelashes are examples of ________ hairs.

A) vellus
B) terminal
C) intermediate
D) club
E) lanugo

Question 43

In children, ________ leads to a condition called cradle cap.

A) acne
B) dandruff
C) seborrheic dermatitis
D) cerumen
E) folliculitis

Question 44

The hair matrix is a layer of ________.

A) loose connective tissue
B) apocrine glands
C) epithelium
D) sebum
E) dense connective tissue

Question 45

Most hairs have an inner ________ and an outer cortex.

A) glassy membrane
B) cuticle
C) hair bulb
D) connective tissue sheath
E) medulla

Question 46

Sebum is produced by ________ glands.

A) sebaceous
B) eccrine
C) apocrine
D) ceruminous
E) merocrine

Question 47

Calluses form when skin is subjected to mechanical stress, and cells in the ________ divide more rapidly.

A) stratum corneum
B) stratum spinosum
C) stratum lucidum
D) stratum granulosum
E) stratum basale

Question 48

Folliculitis is a local inflammation of ________.

A) sebaceous glands
B) sudoriferous glands
C) arrector pili
D) apocrine glands
E) merocrine glands

Question 49

Arrector pili consists of ________.

A) skeletal muscle
B) loose connective tissue
C) smooth muscle
D) adipocytes
E) cardiac muscle

Question 50

Sebaceous glands are often associated with ________.

A) nails
B) eccrine sweat glands
C) hair follicles
D) apocrine sweat glands
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 51

A scab forms during the ________ phase of skin regeneration.

A) inflammation
B) migration
C) prolferation
D) scarring
E) None of these choices are correct

Question 52

The most widely distributed type of sweat gland on the body is (the)________.

A) apocrine sweat gland
B) eccrine sweat gland
C) ceruminous gland
D) myoepithelial gland
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 53

Mammary glands are anatomically related to ________.

A) sebaceous glands
B) merocrine sweat glands
C) ceruminous glands
D) eccrine sweat glands
E) apocrine sweat glands

Question 54

Which of the following characterizes step 4 of the regeneration of skin after an injury?

A) bleeding at the site
B) inflammatory response
C) granulation tissue formation
D) scar tissue formation
E) activity leads to collagen fiber appearance

Question 55

Ceruminous glands are ________ glands.

A) oil
B) sebaceous
C) follicular
D) sudoriferous
E) milk-producing

Question 56

Functions of eccrine sweat glands include which combination of the following?
(1)lubricating the skin
(2)thermoregulation
(3)inhibiting the growth of microorganisms
(4)excretion of water, electrolytes, and some drugs

A) 1, 2
B) 1, 2, 3
C) 1, 3
D) 2, 3, 4
E) 4, 5

Question 57

Why is the skin capable of repair, even after serious damage?

A) Individual skin cells have a high metabolic rate.
B) Stem cells persist in both the epithelial and connective tissue components.
C) Construction of scar tissue is easier than making normal skin.
D) All layers of the skin have an excellent blood supply.
E) There are abundant fibroblasts in the epidermis.

Question 58

Sensible perspiration is a function of ________ glands.

A) eccrine
B) sebaceous
C) apocrine
D) milk-producing
E) follicular

Question 59

The cuticle is another name for the ________ of the nail.

A) eponychium
B) lunula
C) bed
D) hyponychium
E) fold

Question 60

Cerumen is commonly known as ________.

A) salts
B) proteins
C) earwax
D) water
E) saliva

Question 61

Earwax is produced by modified sebaceous glands.

Question 62

Age-induced weakening of muscles and reduction in bone strength are compounded by the skin's diminished production of ________, which is required for effective calcium uptake.

A) sebum
B) vitamin B12
C) vitamin D3
D) vitamin A
E) vitamin B1

Question 63

Merkel cells are located in the stratum spinosum.

Question 64

What is the clinical importance of tension lines / cleavage lines of the skin?

Question 65

What are the main differences between sebum and eccrine sweat?

Question 66

Which of these are not an effect of aging?

A) epidermis thins
B) melanocyte activity increases
C) glandular activity decreases
D) blood supply decreases
E) dermis thins

Question 67

Why does hair turn gray or white in older individuals?

Question 68

How do eccrine glands function in excretion?

Question 69

Which of the following effects of aging causes the elderly to be at greater risk of overheating in warm environments?

A) thinning of the epidermis of the skin
B) a decrease in the number of Langerhans cells
C) a decrease in melanocyte activity
D) a decrease in glandular activity
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 70

Chromosomal damage in basal cells or melanocytes can lead to skin cancer.

Question 71

During repair, the combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network, is called granulation tissue.

Question 72

The stratum basale is the layer of cells superficial to the stratum spinosum.

Question 73

Predict why acne worsens at puberty?

Question 74

What is "baby fat" and what is its importance?

Question 75

The nail body covers the nail bed, but nail production occurs at the nail root.

Question 76

How does melanin protect the skin from the effects of ultraviolet light?

Question 77

Sebaceous follicles communicate directly with the epidermis.

Question 78

In aging humans, the blood supply to the dermis is increased at the same time that sweat glands become less active.

Question 79

Ceruminous glands are milk-producing glands found in the breasts.

Question 80

In older individuals, wrinkling of the skin occurs because of ________.

A) thinning of the dermis
B) a decrease of elastic fiber network size
C) weakening of the integument
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.