Deck 6: Methodology

Question 1

The common formula for a given measurement is: True measurement = observed measurement + Error.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Reliability and validity are fundamental concepts when appropriately collecting and analyzing data.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A cross-sectional study consist of following the same group of subjects for a significant period of time.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Researchers that plan to use chart reviews of patients, who were diagnosed with laryngeal cancer and needed a laryngectomy, is an example of a retrospective study.

Question 5

The experimental designs, such as a one-shot case study, are characterized by randomization of the participants and the use of a control group.

Question 6

Reliability indicates the usefulness or appropriateness of the data being gathered.

Question 7

Interrater reliability indicates the consistency with which an individual takes measurements.

Question 8

Which are the two most common mistakes made by novice investigators?

A) having too large of a sample size and too many variables
B) selecting a method without clear research objectives and using data that is available
C) using a quantitative approach to analyze data
D) None of these

Question 9

Which method does not require a statistical test analysis?

A) One-shot case study
B) One group pretest-posttest
C) Posttest only control group
D) Time series

Question 10

Which statement is true?

A) Random error occurs purposefully in studies.
B) Systematic error are a collection of random biases that affect a measurement.
C) In a study, small sample sizes tend to be more vulnerable to random error.
D) Poor methods performed by the researcher would not negatively affect the results of the study.

Question 11

Sloppiness in collecting data, inappropriate research design, or incorrect statistical applications is an indication of which type of error?

A) Random error due to lab setting
B) Systematic error due to historical data
C) Researcher error due to poor technique
D) None of these

Question 12

Which is not a variable of central tendency?

A) Mean
B) Median
C) Mode
D) Standard Deviation
E) None of these

Question 13

Which design is credited for having better control of variables and greater chance of having valid, reliable, and standardized methods of measurement?

A) Prospective
B) Retrospective
C) Descriptive
D) None of these

Question 14

Which is an example of a pre-experimental study?

A) One-shot case study
B) One group pretest-posttest
C) Static group comparison
D) Solomon four-group design

Question 15

Which type of validity addresses the concern that a test is broad enough to assess all of the information of a topic?

A) Face validity
B) Construct Validity
C) Criterion Validity
D) Content Validity

Question 16

The threats of history, maturation, and attrition could affect which effect of a study?

A) Internal validity
B) External validity
C) Construct validity
D) None of these

Question 17

Which is an example of attrition?

A) A new medication is given for a bacterial infection for seven consecutive days with the patient presenting with excellent results at the end of treatment.
B) A study that involves parent and child interactions has lost four participants due to families moving out of state.
C) The sample of patients with dementia had a significant family history of the disease.
D) None of these

Question 18

Which of the following best describes an un-randomized study design with a single treatment followed by a single observation?

A) One-shot case study
B) One group pretest-posttest
C) Static group comparison
D) Solomon four-group design

Question 19

What type of error is produced when an investigator encounters unanticipated wide variability in the data?

A) Systematic
B) Random
C) Interpretative
D) Instrumental

Question 20

What type of reliability is improved by using calibration?

A) Interrater
B) Intrarater
C) Instrumental
D) None of these

Question 21

What is the two P rule of interrater reliability?

A) Pause and Proceed
B) Protocol and Practice
C) Principal Participation
D) Persistence and Patience

Question 22

Which of the following threats to internal validity is temporal?

A) Attrition
B) Testing
C) Instrumentation
D) Sampling

Question 23

Which of the following threats to validity occurs when repeatedly measuring participants who are outliers?

A) Pretest
B) Maturation
C) Regression
D) Instrumental

Question 24

Which of the following describes the influence of a charismatic investigator on the participant's measured results?

A) Hawthorn
B) Dean
C) Persky
D) Rosenthal

Question 25

What type of design is typically used on concurrent cohort studies?

A) Prospective
B) Retrospective
C) Mixed
D) Phenomenological

Question 26

What type of data is blood pressure?

A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio

Question 27

What type of data is gender?

A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio

Question 28

What family of statistical tests should be used when analyzing true ordinal data?

A) Parametric
B) Non-parametric
C) Descriptive
D) Multivariate

Question 29

Which of the following represents a quasi-experimental study design?

A) A randomized controlled trial of a new drug compared to a placebo
B) A comparison of one group's running performance to a known human performance table
C) A qualitative interview of nurses concerning workload
D) A pre-test and post-test of hair growth in two groups of participants randomized to take different vitamin mixtures.