Deck 5: The Skeletal System: Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

Question 1

Which of the following is a special characteristic of spongy bone?

A) lacunae
B) medullary cavity
C) trabeculae
D) central canal
E) canaliculi

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The functional unit of mature compact bones is called the cylindrical ________.

A) trabeculae
B) osteons
C) lamellae
D) canaliculi
E) perforating canals

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is produced within red bone marrow?

A) blood cells
B) adipose tissue
C) calcium
D) protein
E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Perforating canals ________.

A) are arranged parallel to the surface of the bone
B) are always associated with osteons in spongy bone
C) transmit blood vessels to osteons deep inside the bone
D) occur in growing juvenile bone, but are obliterated in adult bone
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 5

Which type of cell divides to produce daughter cells that can differentiate readily after a bone is cracked or broken?

A) osteocyte
B) osteoprogenitor cell
C) red marrow cell
D) osteoclast
E) osteoblast

Question 6

The skeletal system participates in ________.

A) maintaining bodily fluids calcium levels
B) absorbing the shock of unexpected rapid body movements
C) facilitating transmission of nerve impulses
D) cushioning abdominal organs such as the kidneys
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 7

Mature bone cells that maintain and monitor the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix are called ________.

A) osteocytes
B) osteoprogenitor cells
C) osteoblasts
D) osteoclasts
E) osteoplasts

Question 8

Layers of bone that occur at the external and internal surfaces of the bone are referred to as ________.

A) concentric lamellae
B) interstitial lamellae
C) circumferential lamellae
D) radial lamellae
E) longitudinal lamellae

Question 9

The periosteum ________.

A) covers the outside of bones
B) covers articular cartilage
C) consists of an inner fibrous layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
D) lines the medullary cavity
E) is vital in blood cell formation

Question 10

The two types of osseous tissue are ________.

A) Haversian and lamellar bones
B) spongy and compact bones
C) trabecular and osteoclastic bones
D) spicular and trabecular bones
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 11

The matrix of bone include ________.

A) calcium phosphate
B) calcium hydroxide
C) calcium carbonate
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 12

Which is a major function of the skeletal system?

A) support of the body
B) storage of glucose
C) production of ATP
D) maintenance of interstitial fluid composition
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 13

In addition to osseous tissue, a typical bone contains ________.

A) other connective tissues
B) smooth muscle tissues (in blood vessel walls)
C) neural tissues
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 14

Which of the following describes a central canal?

A) contains an artery
B) contains a vein
C) runs parallel to bone surface
D) also called Haversian canal
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 15

The function of an osteoclast in osseous tissue is ________.

A) to produce new bone matrix
B) to dissolve old bone matrix and release amino acids and the stored calcium and phosphate
C) to secrete the organic components of the matrix
D) to produce new osteoblasts
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 16

In osseous tissue, which of the following is always removing matrix and releasing minerals?

A) nerves
B) capillaries
C) osteons
D) osteocytes
E) osteoclasts

Question 17

The diaphysis is connected to the epiphysis by a narrow zone called the ________.

A) medulla
B) lacuna
C) metaphysis
D) periosteum
E) endosteum

Question 18

Osseous tissue is classified as which of the following?

A) neural tissue
B) muscle tissue
C) connective tissue
D) epithelial tissue
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 19

A bone cell that secretes the organic components of bone matrix is ________.

A) stimulated by activity of the thyroid gland
B) an osteoclast
C) an osteoblast
D) an osteocyte
E) located in a lacuna

Question 20

The endosteum is best described as ________.

A) a tissue that is active during the growth or repair of bone
B) the inside lining of the central canals and perforating canals
C) a layer that covers the trabeculae of spongy bone
D) an incomplete layer
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 21

What is the mechanism of marrow cavity enlargement in a long bone?

A) There is no mechanism; once formed, the marrow cavity does not change in size.
B) As bone matrix is added to the external surface, osteoclasts remove matrix in the center of the bone to enlarge the cavity.
C) Blood vessels entering the marrow cavity enlarge it by eroding away the inner surface of the bone.
D) The bone marrow cavity only increases in length, as the epiphyseal plates move apart.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is/are true of the growth of the skeleton?

A) It begins to ossify at eight weeks of gestational age.
B) All bone formation ceases immediately after the end of adolescence.
C) Calcification of bones does not occur until an infant begins to learn to walk.
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 23

The surface of all bones are covered by a layer of ________.

A) spongy bone
B) spicules
C) trabecular bone
D) cancellous bone
E) compact bone

Question 24

The physical process of bone formation is called ________.

A) disintegration
B) osteogenesis
C) embryogenesis
D) fertilization
E) articulation

Question 25

Because they resist stretch, the ________ fibers provide the tensile strength of bone.

A) calcium phosphate
B) hydroxyapatite
C) sodium phosphate
D) collagen
E) calcium hydroxide

Question 26

The deposit of calcium salts within a tissue is called ________.

A) calcification
B) ossification
C) osteogenesis
D) hardening
E) osteolysis

Question 27

Calcium phosphate interacts with ________ to form hydroxyapatite.

A) collagen
B) blood vessels
C) calcium hydroxide
D) oxygen
E) potassium carbonate

Question 28

Which of the following occurs during endochondral ossification?

A) Osteocytes differentiate within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue.
B) Osteoclasts secrete the organic component of the matrix.
C) Osteoblasts lay down bone on a membranous template.
D) The bone grows in length and in diameter.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 29

During endochondral bone formation, ________.

A) the matrix of the cartilage model becomes calcified
B) cells of the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts
C) capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the heart of the cartilage
D) osteoclasts erode the center of the new bone to form a marrow cavity
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 30

Roofing bones of the skull form via ________ ossification.

A) synovial
B) intramembranous
C) intrachondral
D) symphyseal
E) endochondral

Question 31

Endochondral ossification begins with ________.

A) hyaline cartilage
B) elastic cartilage
C) fibrocartilage
D) articular cartilage
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 32

________ are struts or plates within spongy bone which assist in withstanding stresses in a specific direction.

A) Lamellae
B) Lacunae
C) Perforating canals
D) Central canals
E) Trabeculae

Question 33

If a long bone that was found at an archeological dig contained functional epiphyseal plates, what inference is most accurate?

A) The person was a male.
B) The person was not mature.
C) The person had many injuries.
D) The person was elderly.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 34

What is the fate of the chondrocytes that are present where bone is forming?

A) They move to a different region where bone has not yet formed.
B) They die and disintegrate, leaving cavities within the cartilage.
C) They remain within the bone matrix.
D) They line the central canals of the growing bone.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 35

Bones have a vascular supply that is ________.

A) very extensive, including many arteries and veins branching throughout the bone
B) very poor; bones are not living, so blood is not needed
C) supplied simply by one artery
D) poor, therefore healing is very limited
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 36

Because they are strong and relatively inflexible, ________ enable bone to withstand the stress of compression.

A) collagen fibers
B) calcium phosphate crystals
C) reticular fibers
D) osteocytes
E) osteoclasts

Question 37

Regarding long bone formation, bone development proceeds from the ________ in the shaft.

A) trabecula
B) spicule
C) Haversian system
D) primary ossification center
E) secondary ossification center

Question 38

Which of the following describes how bones are innervated?

A) Bones are not innervated.
B) Only the periosteum is innervated.
C) The periosteum and endosteum are innervated by motor nerves.
D) Only the endosteum, marrow cavity, and epiphyses are innervated.
E) The periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, and epiphyses are innervated by sensory nerves.

Question 39

A long bone increases in length until ________.

A) appositional growth starts
B) the body runs out of calcium
C) epiphyseal closure occurs
D) expansion of the secondary ossification centers ends
E) death; bones grow as long as we are alive

Question 40

The yellow marrow that fills the medullary cavities of many bones is dominated by ________.

A) adipocytes
B) immature red blood cells
C) stem cells
D) mature red blood cells
E) osteocytes

Question 41

Which of the following acts on the intestine, requiring calcitriol production by the kidneys?

A) growth hormone
B) parathyroid hormone
C) calcitonin
D) calcitriol
E) thyroid hormone

Question 42

The simultaneous process of adding new bone and removing previously formed bone is called ________.

A) internal callus formation
B) endochondral ossification
C) osteomalacia
D) bone remodeling
E) intramembranous ossification

Question 43

Which of the following type of fracture occurs across the long axis of a bone shaft?

A) transverse fracture
B) compression fracture
C) Pott's fracture
D) comminuted fracture
E) displaced fracture

Question 44

During track and field practice one of the runners trips over a hurdle and falls forward. Fortunately, he is able to break his fall with his hands. However, he stands up holding his wrist in pain. What type of fracture might he have sustained?

A) compound fracture
B) Colles fracture
C) greenstick fracture
D) displaced fracture
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 45

Which of the following type of fracture produces new and abnormal bone arrangements?

A) transverse fracture
B) compression fracture
C) spiral fracture
D) comminuted fracture
E) displaced fracture

Question 46

How do hormones regulate the pattern of bone growth?

A) They don't; hormones are not involved in bone growth processes.
B) They change the rates of osteoblast and osteoclast activity.
C) They control the rate of movement of the epiphyseal line.
D) They ensure that intramembranous ossification occurs throughout life.
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 47

A fracture of a bone that is the result of a twisting stress that spreads along the length of the bone is called a(n)________.

A) Pott fracture
B) comminuted fracture
C) greenstick fracture
D) spiral fracture
E) compression fracture

Question 48

Which of the following are recommended to slow the progression of osteoporosis?

A) supplemental estrogen
B) dietary increase of calcium
C) exercise
D) calcitonin
E) All of these choices are correct

Question 49

The vessels supplying blood to the inner (diaphyseal)surface of each epiphyseal cartilage, where bone is replacing cartilage, are called ________ vessels.

A) periosteal
B) epiphyseal
C) metaphyseal
D) endochondral
E) endosteal

Question 50

Each year, approximately ________ of the adult skeleton is demolished and then rebuilt or replaced.

A) 1/2 (50%)
B) 1/4 (25%)
C) 1/3 (33.33%)
D) 100%
E) 1/5 (20%)

Question 51

Which of the following is the active form of calcitriol?

A) calcium
B) vitamin A
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin D
E) sodium

Question 52

Bone mass reduction occurs initially between the ages of ________.

A) 10-20
B) 20-30
C) 50-60
D) 30-40
E) 40-50

Question 53

As a long bone develops, the point where osteoblasts first replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone becomes the ________, from which further development proceeds.

A) primary ossification center
B) metaphysis
C) periosteum
D) secondary ossification center
E) epiphyseal line

Question 54

Children whose bones bend laterally producing a bowlegged appearance is a result of ________.

A) gigantism
B) acromeagaly
C) Marfan's syndrome
D) osteomalacia
E) rickets

Question 55

Treating an open fracture differs from other fractures most significantly due to ________.

A) risk of infection
B) nerve damage
C) the severity of open fractures
D) potential nerve damage
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 56

An individual with otherwise normal features, but having very short limbs, may have a condition known as ________, in which epiphyseal cartilages grow unusually slowly.

A) gigantism
B) achondroplasia
C) Marfan's syndrome
D) osteomalacia
E) rickets

Question 57

Blood vessels that supply the ends of long bones are called ________ vessels.

A) endochondral
B) metaphyseal
C) periosteal
D) epiphyseal
E) endosteal

Question 58

An abnormal gene on chromosome 15 that affects the protein fibrillin results in this disorder.

A) Marfan syndrome
B) rickets
C) gigantism
D) acromegaly
E) osteomalacia

Question 59

Increased levels of calcium in the blood of a pregnant woman would stimulate the secretion of ________, which would increase calcium loss in the urine.

A) calcitonin
B) calcitriol
C) parathyroid hormone
D) thyroid hormone
E) growth hormone

Question 60

Which of the following is important as a stimulus that maintains normal bone structure, especially in growing children, postmenopausal women, and elderly men?

A) regular exercise
B) hormone supplements
C) cosmetic surgery
D) mega doses of vitamins
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 61

An elongated cleft is a(n)________.

A) foramen
B) fissure
C) meatus
D) canal
E) antrum

Question 62

Which diagnostic procedure measures bone loss?

A) DEXA
B) arthrocentesis
C) MRI
D) arthroscopy
E) X-ray

Question 63

Diploë is spongy bone found in ________ bones.

A) short
B) flat
C) pneumatized
D) sesamoid
E) irregular

Question 64

A small, flat articular surface is a ________.

A) trochlea
B) spine
C) line
D) sulcus
E) facet

Question 65

Small, flat, oddly shaped bones that develop between the flat bones of the skull are called ________.

A) sesamoid bones
B) sutural bones
C) flat bones
D) endochondral bones
E) pneumatized bones

Question 66

A chamber within a bone, normally filled with air, is a ________.

A) condyle
B) ramus
C) sulcus
D) fissure
E) sinus

Question 67

The expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a narrower neck, is a ________.

A) neck
B) head
C) tubercle
D) fossa
E) fissure

Question 68

Which of the following is a classification of bone shape?

A) sesamoid
B) round
C) square
D) triangular
E) indefinite

Question 69

Which of the following is an example of an irregular bone?

A) humerus
B) carpal bone
C) patella
D) vertebra
E) ulna

Question 70

An example of a pneumatized bone is the ________.

A) parietal bone
B) mandible
C) femur
D) vertebra
E) ethmoid bone

Question 71

A smooth, grooved articular process, shaped like a pulley, is a ________.

A) trochlea
B) spine
C) line
D) crest
E) trochanter

Question 72

A(n)________ fracture occurs at the ankle and affects both leg bones.

A) greenstick
B) Colles
C) comminuted
D) epiphyseal
E) Pott's

Question 73

After a fracture occurs, a(n)________ forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges.

A) external callus
B) blood clot
C) spicule
D) internal callus
E) fracture hematoma

Question 74

An extension of a bone that is set at an angle to the rest of the bone is usually called a ________.

A) sulcus
B) fossa
C) ramus
D) condyle
E) meatus

Question 75

A shallow depression on the surface of a bone is called a ________.

A) tuberosity
B) trochanter
C) fossa
D) foramen
E) tubercle

Question 76

Which of the following is most likely to have a nerve pass through it?

A) fossa
B) process
C) foramen
D) condyle
E) ramus

Question 77

A prominent ridge on a bone is called a(n)________.

A) condyle
B) facet
C) meatus
D) crest
E) trochlea

Question 78

The scapula is an example of what type of bone?

A) long
B) flat
C) irregular
D) short
E) sutural

Question 79

Processes that form where tendons or ligaments attach to a bone include ________.

A) condyles and trochleae
B) fossae, sulci, and foramina
C) rami
D) trochanters, tuberosities, and tubercles
E) canals and fissures

Question 80

Which diagnostic procedure detects abnormalities in synovial fluid?

A) DEXA
B) arthrocentesis
C) MRI
D) arthroscopy
E) X-ray