Deck 3: The Physiology of Stress

Question 1

The stress response initially involves this system.

A) The digestive system
B) The cardiovascular system
C) The renal system
D) The limbic system

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In regard to panic attacks, which of the following statements is true?

A) Panic attacks occur abruptly.
B) Panic attacks are the stress response on steroids.
C) Panic attacks can occur at any age.
D) Women are more prone than men to have panic attacks.
E) All of these are correct.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Panic attacks typically last for:

A) 10-20 minutes.
B) 40-50 minutes.
C) 80-90 minutes.
D) days to weeks.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Epinephrine is:

A) thought to deplete lymphocytes.
B) considered to be the anger hormone.
C) released five times as often as norepinephrine.
D) released by the adrenal cortex.
E) released 40 times more than ACTH.

Question 5

When released, this substance is instrumental in returning the body to homeostasis.

A) Cortisol
B) Serotonin
C) Norepinephrine
D) Acetylcholine
E) Dopamine

Question 6

This substance is released as an immediate response to stress.

A) Epinephrine
B) Thyroxine
C) Acetylcholine
D) Cortisol

Question 7

This nerve is associated with relaxation.

A) Cervical nerve
B) Thoracic nerve
C) Sacral nerve
D) Vagus nerve

Question 8

This nerve is known as the Queen of the Parasympathetic Nervous System.

A) The Cranial Sacral Nerve
B) The Vagus Nerve
C) The Amygdala Nerve
D) The Thoracic Nerve

Question 9

The adrenal gland rests on top of this organ.

A) The liver
B) The kidneys
C) The pancreas
D) The thyroid
E) The pituitary

Question 10

The adrenal cortex:

A) has a direct neural link to the reticular activating system.
B) is associated with acute stress.
C) releases epinephrine and norepinephrine.
D) releases cortisol and aldosterone.
E) releases thyroxine.

Question 11

The adrenal medulla:

A) releases vasopressin.
B) is associated with acute stress.
C) releases epinephrine and norepinephrine.
D) has a direct neural link to the reticular activating system.

Question 12

During the stress response, which of the following does not directly affect an increase in blood pressure?

A) Aldosterone
B) Epinephrine
C) Vasopressin
D) Acetylcholine

Question 13

This endocrine gland is called the master gland for its role in hormonal control.

A) Hypothalamus
B) Thymus
C) Pineal
D) Adrenal
E) Pituitary

Question 14

Which of the following is cortisol not responsible for?

A) The release of insulin
B) The mobilization of free fatty acids
C) The initiation of gluconeogenesis
D) The degradation of white blood cells

Question 15

This level of the brain is called the seat of the emotions because it appears to be the first to register pain.

A) The neocortical area
B) Broadman's area
C) The limbic area
D) The vegetative area

Question 16

Addison's Disease is associated with the failure of this organ.

A) Pituitary
B) Adrenal
C) Hypothalamus
D) Thymus
E) Pancreas

Question 17

As a result of the stress response, this neuroendocrine pathway is said to have the longest lasting effect.

A) ACTH axis
B) Adrenal axis
C) Thyroxin axis
D) Vasopressin axis

Question 18

The ACTH axis begins in which endocrine gland?

A) Pineal
B) Pituitary
C) Anterior hypothalamus
D) Posterior hypothalamus
E) Anterior pituitary

Question 19

Vasopressin is released from which gland?

A) Pineal
B) Anterior hypothalamus
C) Pituitary
D) Posterior hypothalamus

Question 20

The thyroxine axis begins in this endocrine gland.

A) Pineal
B) Amygdala
C) Thyroid
D) Hypothalamus
E) Pituitary

Question 21

A decrease in this hormone is thought to be related to symptoms of depression.

A) Serotonin
B) Human Growth Hormone
C) Oxytocin
D) Estrogen

Question 22

"Allostatic load" is a term that refers to:

A) stress.
B) the amygdala response.
C) emotional coping.
D) adrenal failure.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 23

Based on brain imaging research in the last decade, which of the following statements is not true?

A) Damage to brain cells from chronic stress is reversible.
B) The hippocampus region is rich in receptor sites for glucocorticoids.
C) The amygdala is where the emotion fear is recognized.
D) Repeated exposure to cortisol shrinks brain cells.

Question 24

Which of the following terms explains the brain's ability to create new cell tissue and repair itself well into adulthood?

A) Cranial genesis
B) Antsyness
C) Allostasis
D) Neuroplasticity
E) All of these are correct.

Question 25

This brain region is thought to be responsible for creating stressful memory imprints onto the nervous system.

A) Hypothalamus
B) Amygdala
C) Pituitary
D) Prefrontal cortex

Question 26

This region of the brain is associated with binge drinking.

A) Pituitary
B) Amygdala
C) Hypothalamus
D) Prefrontal cortex

Question 27

The vegetative level of the brain is thought to be the most primitive of the three levels.

Question 28

The pituitary gland in the limbic system registers pain and pleasure.

Question 29

Panic attacks are known as "the stress response on steroids."

Question 30

Panic attacks generally last 10-20 mins (though some can last longer).

Question 31

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the relaxation response.

Question 32

During the stress response, more epinephrine is released than norepinephrine from the neural endings.

Question 33

The substance serotonin is most closely associated with a good night's sleep.

Question 34

The term "cerebration" describes the inability of the sympathetic nervous system to trigger the alarm phase of fight or flight with the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 35

Cortisol is one of many stress hormones responsible for increasing digestion.

Question 36

The release of cortisol is initiated from the ACTH axis.

Question 37

"Chronic mental antsyness" is a term that refers to frustration from multitasking.

Question 38

Addison's disease is associated with adrenal fatigue and failure.

Question 39

The effects of the thyroxine axis can be observed in a few days.

Question 40

Neuroplasticity refers to the body's ability to create new nerve cells closest to the skin.

Question 41

What are the primary functions of cortisol, and what effects occur in the body when there are excess amounts of this substance resulting from undue stress?

Question 42

Explain the difference between the immediate, intermediate, and prolonged effects of the stress response. Please be specific with details.

Question 43

Describe the dynamics of the ACTH pathway from the first perceptions of threatening stimuli to the end result of physiological responses in the body.

Question 44

Please define the following terms or concepts in no more than two sentences, and give an example to support your definition.

A) Acetylcholine
B) ACTH axis
C) Adrenal cortex
D) Adrenal gland
E) Adrenal medulla
F) Allostatic load
G) Amygdala
H) Anabolic functioning
I) Catabolic functioning
J) Central nervous system (CNS)
K) Cerebration
L) Corticosteroids
M) Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
N) Glucocorticoids
O) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
P) Hypothalamus
Q) Melatonin
R) Immediate stress effects
S) Intermediate stress effects
T) Limbic system
U) Mineralocorticoids
V) Norepinephrine
W) Neuroplasticity
X) Parasympathetic response
Y) Pituitary gland
Z) Prolonged stress effects
AA. Psychophysiology
AB. Reticular activating system (RAS)
AC. Serotonin
AD. Sympathetic response
AE. Thyroxin axis
AF. Vasopressin axis
AG. Panic attack
AH. Vagus nerve

Question 45

Explain the difference between the immediate, intermediate, and prolonged effects of the stress response. Please be specific with details.

Question 46

Describe the dynamics of the ACTH pathway from the first perceptions of threatening stimuli to the end result of physiological responses in the body.

Question 47

What are the primary functions of cortisol, and what effects occur in the body when there are excess amounts of this substance resulting from undue stress?

Question 48

What substance is released as an immediate response to stress?

A) Epinephrine
B) Thyroxine
C) Acetylcholine
D) Cortisol

Question 49

Which of the following is cortisol not responsible for?

A) The release of insulin
B) The mobilization of free fatty acids
C) The initiation of gluconeogenesis
D) The degradation of white blood cells

Question 50

The ACTH axis begins in which endocrine gland?

A) Pineal
B) Pituitary
C) Anterior hypothalamus
D) Posterior hypothalamus
E) Anterior pituitary

Question 51

Allostatic load is a term that refers to:

A) stress.
B) the amygdala response.
C) emotional coping.
D) adrenal failure.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 52

What region of the brain is associated with binge drinking?

A) Pituitary
B) Amygdala
C) Hypothalamus
D) Prefrontal cortex

Question 53

How long does a panic attack typically last?

A) 10 to 20 minutes
B) 40 to 50 minutes
C) 80 to 90 minutes
D) Days to weeks

Question 54

Which nerve is thought to be the nerve most closely associated with relaxation?

A) Cranial nerve
B) Solar plexus nerve
C) Sciatic nerve
D) Vagus nerve

Question 55

Cortisol is one of many stress hormones responsible for increasing digestion.

Question 56

The effects of the thyroxine axis can be observed in a few days.

Question 57

Serotonin is most closely associated with a good night's sleep.

Question 58

Panic attacks are known as "the stress response on steroids."