Deck 17: The Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

Most sympathetic postganglionic fibers release which neurotransmitter at neuroeffector junctions?

A) dopamine
B) acetylcholine
C) serotonin
D) norepinephrine
E) cholecystokinin

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which ganglia innervate visceral effector organs in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A) ciliary ganglia
B) pterygopalatine ganglia
C) sympathetic chain ganglia
D) otic ganglia
E) collateral ganglia

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Postganglionic axons of the autonomic nervous system are ________.

A) myelinated
B) unmyelinated
C) sometimes myelinated and sometimes unmyelinated

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Postganglionic fibers that innervate the small intestine and the initial segments of the large intestine arise from the_______.

A) otic ganglion
B) superior mesenteric ganglion
C) ciliary ganglion
D) celiac ganglion
E) inferior mesenteric ganglion

Question 5

The neurons in the cervical, inferior lumbar, and sacral sympathetic chain ganglia are innervated by preganglionic fibers extending ________.

A) along the length of the chain
B) directly to the cervical nerves
C) directly to the lumbar nerves
D) directly to the sacral nerves
E) directly to the coccygeal nerves

Question 6

The enteric nervous system has neurons located in (the)________.

A) lymphatic vessels
B) skeletal muscle
C) walls of the digestive tract
D) reticular layer of the dermis
E) heart wall

Question 7

Which of the following is a major difference between the autonomic nervous system (ANS)and the somatic nervous system (SNS)?

A) Afferent information in the ANS is processed in the CNS, but not in the SNS.
B) The arrangement of the neurons connecting the CNS to the effector organs is different between the ANS and the SNS.
C) Afferent neurons exist only in the ANS.
D) Efferent impulses are sent to effector organs in the SNS, but not in the ANS.
E) Efferent neurons exist only in the SNS.

Question 8

Sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus control sympathetic activation. When sympathetic activation occurs, we experience ________.

A) increased alertness, through stimulation of the reticular activating system
B) increased activity in the cardiovascular and respiratory centers of the pons and medulla oblongata
C) a general elevation in muscle tone through stimulation of the extrapyramidal system
D) a feeling of energy and euphoria, often associated with a disregard for danger and temporary insensitivity to painful stimuli
E) We can experience all of these.

Question 9

The specialized neurons in the interior of the adrenal gland ________.

A) are somatic nervous system structures
B) function as modified sympathetic ganglia
C) are located in an area known as the adrenal cortex
D) have very long axons
E) function as modified parasympathetic ganglia

Question 10

The celiac ganglion ________.

A) is located near the base of the superior mesenteric artery
B) arises from the greater splanchnic nerve
C) projects postganglionic fibers that innervate the small intestine and the kidney and urinary bladder
D) arises from the lesser splanchnic nerve
E) arises from the lumbar splanchnic nerve

Question 11

Postganglionic fibers exiting the sympathetic chain ganglia innervate effector organs in the ________.

A) body wall
B) head and neck
C) limbs
D) inside the thoracic cavity
E) All of these are innervated by the postganglionic fibers.

Question 12

Each sympathetic chain typically has how many cervical sympathetic ganglia?

A) seven
B) four
C) only one
D) three
E) five

Question 13

The sympathetic division of the ANS has ________.

A) long postganglionic axons
B) norepinephrine as a transmitter substance
C) short preganglionic axons
D) preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 14

Postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion innervate the________.

A) stomach
B) spleen
C) liver
D) gallbladder
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 15

Long, unmyelinated axons leaving the ANS ganglia are called ________ fibers.

A) ganglionic
B) preganglionic
C) excitatory
D) postganglionic
E) inhibitory

Question 16

The neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine function as hormones, and are secreted by which structure?

A) hypothalamus
B) thyroid gland
C) adrenal medulla
D) parathyroid gland
E) adrenal cortex

Question 17

In the sympathetic division of the nervous system, where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located?

A) posterior columns of the spinal cord between C7 and T3
B) dorsal columns of the spinal cord between T8 and L5
C) ventral horns of the spinal cord between C3 and C7
D) anterior columns of the spinal cord between C3 and L2
E) lateral horns of the spinal cord between T1 and L2

Question 18

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate structures within the body wall ________.

A) proceed directly to their peripheral targets within cranial nerves and parasympathetic nerves
B) do not return to the spinal nerve for subsequent distribution
C) enter the gray rami
D) return to the spinal nerves to provide motor innervation to structures in the ventral body cavities
E) enter the white rami

Question 19

Which of the following statements regarding the sympathetic chain ganglia is true?

A) Fibers entering a sympathetic chain ganglion must always synapse within the sympathetic chain ganglion at the level of entry.
B) Fibers entering a sympathetic chain ganglion cannot pass through the sympathetic chain without synapsing within the sympathetic chain ganglion at the level of entry.
C) Each ganglion in the sympathetic chain innervates one or more particular body segments.
D) Fibers entering a sympathetic chain ganglion must always ascend within the sympathetic chain.
E) Each ganglion in the sympathetic chain innervates only one particular body segment.

Question 20

Sympathetic activation is controlled by sympathetic centers in which of the following structures?

A) pituitary gland
B) tectum
C) thalamus
D) epithalamus
E) hypothalamus

Question 21

During sympathetic stimulation, mobilization of energy reserves occurs through the accelerated breakdown of glycogen in ________.

A) neurons and muscle cells
B) cardiac cells and neurons
C) muscle and liver cells
D) adrenal medullary cells and muscle cells
E) liver cells and adrenal medullary cells

Question 22

Which neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic preganglionic axons at their synapses with ganglionic neurons?

A) epinephrine
B) acetylcholine
C) norepinephrine
D) serotonin
E) dopamine

Question 23

The bloodstream does not contain the enzymes that break down which of the following sympathetic neurotransmitters?

A) dopamine and serotonin
B) serotonin and norepinephrine
C) acetylcholine and epinephrine
D) epinephrine and norepinephrine
E) acetylcholine and serotonin

Question 24

Every spinal nerve along the entire length of the spinal cord has a gray ramus that carries ________.

A) parasympathetic preganglionic fibers
B) sympathetic preganglionic fibers
C) mesenteric fibers
D) parasympathetic postganglionic fibers
E) sympathetic postganglionic fibers

Question 25

Which autonomic plexus innervates the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs within the pelvic cavity?

A) esophageal plexus
B) pulmonary plexus
C) cervical plexus
D) hypogastric plexus
E) cardiac plexus

Question 26

________ lie lateral to each side of the vertebral column.

A) Prevertebral ganglia
B) Sympathetic chain ganglia
C) Parasympathetic ganglia
D) Collateral ganglia
E) Otic ganglia

Question 27

Preganglionic fibers from the seven inferior thoracic segments end at the celiac ganglion and the ________.

A) inferior mesenteric ganglion
B) otic ganglion
C) superior mesenteric ganglion
D) pterygopalatine ganglion
E) ciliary ganglion

Question 28

When sympathetic activation occurs, there is increased activity in the cardiovascular and respiratory centers of the ________.

A) insula
B) epithalamus and thalamus
C) caudate nucleus and putamen
D) pons and medulla oblongata
E) tectum

Question 29

Splanchnic nerves from both sides of the body converge on the ________.

A) collateral ganglia
B) sympathetic chain ganglia
C) paravertebral ganglia
D) lateral ganglia
E) pterygopalatine ganglia

Question 30

In the adrenal medullae, cells that are not innervated by sympathetic postganglionic fibers are affected by circulating levels of ________ if they possess receptors for these molecules.

A) dopamine
B) acetylcholine and serotonin
C) serotonin
D) dopamine and epinephrine
E) epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 31

The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system, sympathetic and parasympathetic ________.

A) use preganglionic and postganglionic neurons to innervate skeletal muscle
B) contain autonomic ganglia to house ganglionic neurons
C) are voluntary
D) are composed of PNS structures only
E) function only during sleep

Question 32

Preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic (thoracolumbar)division of the ANS are located in the ________ of spinal segments T1-L2.

A) dorsal columns
B) lateral horns
C) dorsal root ganglia
D) ventral roots
E) anterior horns

Question 33

The adrenal medulla receives sympathetic fibers from which of the following?

A) sacral splanchnic nerves
B) lumbar splanchnic nerves
C) lesser splanchnic nerve
D) greater splanchnic nerve
E) cranial nerve VII

Question 34

Major effects produced by postganglionic fibers of the collateral ganglia include stimulation of the release of glucose from glycogen reserves in the ________.

A) kidneys
B) heart
C) liver
D) skeletal muscle
E) bone marrow

Question 35

Constriction of small arteries and reduction in the flow of blood to visceral organs are functions of ________.

A) postganglionic fibers of the collateral ganglia
B) preganglionic fibers innervating the suprarenal medullae
C) sympathetic postganglionic fibers in the spinal nerves
D) postganglionic fibers innervating the suprarenal medullae
E) postganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a major effect produced by sympathetic postganglionic fibers in spinal nerves?

A) dilation of respiratory passageways
B) reduction of the rate of urine formation at the kidneys
C) stimulation of energy production and use of skeletal muscle tissue
D) stimulation of arrector pili
E) constriction of cutaneous blood vessels

Question 37

Which of the following sympathetic plasma membrane receptors are sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A) alpha and gamma
B) delta and beta
C) alpha and beta
D) delta and gamma
E) beta and gamma

Question 38

From which spinal cord segments do the preganglionic fibers arise and form the lumbar splanchnic nerves?

A) L4-S2
B) L5-S3
C) T8-L1
D) L1-S4
E) T12 -L2

Question 39

Sympathetic innervation of the heart occurs via (the)________.

A) superior mesenteric ganglion
B) cardiac plexus
C) lesser splanchnic nerve
D) lumbar splanchnic nerve
E) greater splanchnic nerves

Question 40

In which of the following structures do preganglionic fibers synapse on modified neurons that perform an endocrine function?

A) adrenal cortex
B) collateral ganglia
C) adrenal medulla
D) sympathetic chain ganglia
E) otic ganglia

Question 41

Which cholinergic receptors are found on the surfaces of all ganglionic neurons of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS?

A) beta
B) muscarinic
C) alpha
D) delta
E) nicotinic

Question 42

Visceral reflexes provide automatic motor responses that can be modified, facilitated, or inhibited by higher centers, particularly the centers of the ________.

A) hypothalamus
B) tectum
C) septum pellucidum
D) epithalamus
E) postcentral gyrus

Question 43

The pupillary reflex is mediated by ________.

A) N X
B) N VI
C) N III
D) N IV
E) N VII

Question 44

All the preganglionic and postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division release ________ at their synapses and neuroeffector junctions.

A) serotonin
B) norepinephrine
C) dopamine
D) acetylcholine
E) epinephrine

Question 45

The parotid salivary glands are target organs of which parasympathetic ganglionic neurons?

A) intramural ganglia
B) otic ganglion
C) pterygopalatine ganglia
D) submandibular ganglia
E) ciliary ganglion

Question 46

The lacrimal glands are innervated by parasympathetic postganglionic fibers from the ________.

A) autonomic plexuses
B) submandibular ganglion
C) ciliary ganglion
D) otic ganglion
E) pterygopalatine ganglion

Question 47

Which of the following is a general function of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

A) dilation of the respiratory passageways
B) inhibition of sexual arousal
C) increased smooth muscle activity along the digestive tract
D) dilation of the pupils
E) increased heart rate

Question 48

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve (N X)innervate which of the following?

A) submandibular glands
B) eyes
C) lacrimal glands
D) parotid glands
E) lungs

Question 49

Dual innervation is most prominent in the ________.

A) kidneys and bladder
B) brain and spinal cord
C) digestive tract, heart, and lungs
D) uterus and ovaries
E) spleen and thymus

Question 50

In the inferior segments of the spinal cord, in which spinal segments do the parasympathetic autonomic nuclei lie?

A) L4-L5
B) T7-T12
C) S2-S4
D) T8-L5
E) L3-S2

Question 51

The ________ nerve alone provides roughly 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow.

A) facial
B) vagus
C) trigeminal
D) glossopharyngeal
E) oculomotor

Question 52

The celiac plexus is also known as the ________.

A) hypogastric plexus
B) pulmonary plexus
C) esophageal plexus
D) solar plexus
E) cardiac plexus

Question 53

In the sympathetic division of the ANS, the relationship between the preganglionic fibers and the ganglionic neurons displays ________.

A) slight convergence
B) extensive convergence
C) slight divergence
D) extensive divergence
E) linearity

Question 54

Which parasympathetic reflex(es)is/are mediated by the vagus nerve (N X)?

A) emission and ejaculation
B) swallowing reflex
C) gastric and intestinal reflexes
D) baroreceptor reflex
E) vasomotor reflexes

Question 55

In the sacral parasympathetic outflow, the preganglionic fibers that form distinct pelvic nerves innervate intramural ganglia that target which organs?

A) nasal glands
B) visceral organs of the thoracic cavity and most of the abdominal cavity
C) salivary glands
D) visceral organs in the inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity
E) lacrimal glands

Question 56

Autonomic fibers entering the thoracic cavity intersect at which plexus(es)?

A) esophageal plexus
B) cardiac and pulmonary plexuses
C) celiac and pulmonary plexuses
D) hypogastric plexus
E) inferior mesenteric and hypogastric plexuses

Question 57

The ________ plexus(es)contains descending branches of the vagus nerve and splanchnic nerves leaving the sympathetic chain on either side.

A) inferior mesenteric
B) hypogastric
C) esophageal
D) cardiac
E) celiac

Question 58

Collateral ganglia lie lateral to each side of the vertebral column.

Question 59

Preganglionic fibers that originate within the collateral ganglia extend throughout the abdominopelvic cavity, innervating visceral tissues and organs.

Question 60

Each varicosity of axon terminal branches is packed with ________ and neurotransmitter vesicles.

A) mitochondria
B) ribosomes
C) lysosomes
D) peroxisomes
E) RER

Question 61

Figure 17.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label K.

A) Lumbar splanchnic nerves
B) Inferior mesenteric ganglion
C) Sacral splanchnic nerves
D) Greater splanchnic nerves
E) Celiac ganglion

Question 62

Visceral reflexes may be either long reflexes or short reflexes.

Question 63

Figure 17.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label A.

A) Spinal cord
B) Medulla oblongata
C) Pons
D) Tectum
E) Septum pellucidum

Question 64

Figure 17.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label L.

A) Lumbar splanchnic nerves
B) Lesser splanchnic nerve
C) Greater splanchnic nerve
D) Otic ganglion
E) Celiac ganglion

Question 65

Figure 17.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label H.

A) Lesser splanchnic nerves
B) Sympathetic chain ganglia
C) Celiac ganglion
D) Superior mesenteric ganglion
E) Sacral splanchnic nerves

Question 66

Postganglionic fibers from the inferior mesenteric ganglion provide parasympathetic innervation to the terminal portions of the large intestine, the kidney and bladder, and the sex organs.

Question 67

Figure 17.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label I.

A) Spinal cord
B) Medulla oblongata
C) Hypothalamus
D) Pons
E) Mesencephalon

Question 68

During adrenal stimulation, tissue concentrations of epinephrine may remain elevated for as long as 30 seconds, and the effects may persist for several minutes.

Question 69

Figure 17.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label E.

A) Inferior mesenteric ganglion
B) Lesser splanchnic nerve
C) Superior mesenteric ganglion
D) Lumbar splanchnic nerves
E) Cervical sympathetic ganglia

Question 70

Compare and contrast the features of the CNS motor neurons, fibers, and degree of divergence from CNS to ganglion cells, and functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.

Question 71

Figure 17.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label N.

A) Sacral splanchnic nerve
B) Lesser splanchnic nerve
C) Greater splanchnic nerve
D) Pterygopalatine ganglion
E) Lumbar splanchnic nerve

Question 72

Figure 17.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label G.

A) Sacral splanchnic nerves
B) Greater splanchnic nerves
C) Preganglionic fibers of spinal nerves
D) Lumbar splanchnic nerves
E) Postganglionic fibers of spinal nerves

Question 73

The vagus nerve provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to intramural ganglia within structures in the thoracic cavity and in the abdominopelvic cavity as distant as the last segments of the large intestine.

Question 74

Figure 17.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label M.

A) Superior mesenteric ganglion
B) Celiac ganglion
C) Pterygopalatine ganglion
D) Inferior mesenteric ganglion
E) Otic ganglion

Question 75

A patient has suffered a spinal cord injury, affecting spinal nerves L1 and L2. What sympathetic symptoms are affected?

Question 76

Terminal and intramural ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic branch of the ANS.

Question 77

All sympathetic neurons are cholinergic.

Question 78

A young woman has noticed that her hands and feet, when exposed to cold temperatures, become pale, then develop blue tones, and eventually become red in color. What is most likely the prognosis of her condition? Describe the disorder and its consequences.

Question 79

Figure 17.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label J.

A) Celiac ganglion
B) Pterygopalatine ganglion
C) Lumbar plexus
D) Coccygeal ganglia (ganglion impar)
E) Otic ganglion

Question 80

Figure 17.1

Using the figure above, identify the labeled structure(s) in each of the following questions.
Identify the structure(s) indicated by Label F.

A) Gray rami to spinal nerves
B) White rami to spinal nerves
C) Celiac ganglion
D) Lesser splanchnic nerve
E) Cardiac plexus