Deck 3: Motor Development: Theoretical Models

Question 1

A theory:

A) Integrates existing fact and leads to generation of new facts
B) Is "truth"
C) Is the "last word"
D) Is molecular
E) All of these are correct.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Developmental theory:

A) Is of little value in the "real world"
B) Is for scientists and researchers, not coaches, teachers, or parents
C) Has little or no practical value
D) Attempts to predict or explain changes in human behavior over time
E) Is essentially the same as learning theory

Answer 2

D

Question 3

"Descriptive theory" is to ____________, as "explanatory theory" is to ______________:

A) What; why
B) Why; what
C) Where; when
D) When; where
E) Where; why

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The function of a theory is to:

A) Organize facts
B) Integrate existing facts
C) Serve as a basis for fact testing
D) Under gird research
E) All of these are correct.

Question 5

Deductive models of theory formulation:

A) Are fact based
B) Build a conceptual framework around existing fact
C) Are based on inference
D) Are the best method of theory formulation
E) Do not lead to hypothesis testing

Question 6

Inductive theory formulation:

A) Is fact based
B) Builds a conceptual framework around existing fact
C) Is the best method of theory formulation
D) All of these are correct.
E) Is fact based and builds a conceptual framework around existing fact

Question 7

A developmentalist observes individuals at different age periods to see what they are typically like and then says why these characteristics occur. The researcher is undergoing both ________ and ______________ theory building.

A) Observational; reasoning
B) Explanatory; descriptive
C) Descriptive; explanatory
D) Initial; rudimentary
E) Descriptive; reasoning

Question 8

The ___________ method of theory formulation is when an investigator first starts with a set of facts and then tries to find a conceptual framework around which to organize and explain them.

A) Explanatory
B) Schematic
C) Deductive
D) Extrapolation
E) Inductive

Question 9

The inductive method of theory formulation is based on ___________, whereas the deductive method of theory formulation is based on_________.

A) Fact; fiction
B) Fact; opinion
C) Fact; inference
D) Inference; opinion
E) Inference; fact

Question 10

Performing a cartwheel may be an example of:

A) Manipulative movement
B) Stability movement
C) Locomotor movement
D) Manipulative movement and locomotor movement
E) Stability movement and locomotor movement

Question 11

Twisting, turning, pushing, and pulling are classified as:

A) Rotational movements
B) Manipulative movements
C) Locomotor movements
D) Stability movements
E) Specialized movements

Question 12

The correct sequence for the phases of motor development, from youngest to oldest is:

A) Initial, fundamental, rudimentary, specialized
B) Reflexive, rudimentary, fundamental, specialized
C) Reflexive, fundamental, rudimentary, lifelong
D) Reflexive, precontrol, specialized, rudimentary
E) Initial, information decoding, application, fundamental

Question 13

The "lifelong utilization," "application," and "transitional" stages are all stages within the _________ phase of motor development.

A) Reflexive
B) Rudimentary
C) Specialized
D) Fundamental
E) Initial

Question 14

The reflexive movement phase of motor development:

A) Is unrelated to later development because of its subcortical nature
B) Is of little use in encouraging the development of voluntary movement control
C) Serves little use in the development of basic cognitive structures
D) Has been thoroughly researched and offers numerous clear answers for infant developmental movement
E) Is related to later development

Question 15

Which of these is typically considered to be subcortically controlled movements that form the basis for the phases of motor development?

A) Reflexes
B) Twitches
C) Spasms
D) Contractures
E) None of these is correct.

Question 16

The first forms of human movement are:

A) Stereotypical movements
B) Primitive reflexive movements
C) Postural reflexive movements
D) Rudimentary movements
E) Fundamental movements

Question 17

Of the following, which is not considered a fundamental stability movement?

A) Twisting
B) Turning
C) Pushing
D) Pulling
E) Running

Question 18

The sequence of movement skill acquisition is relatively fixed during infancy, but the rate of movement skill acquisition is variable. This indicates that:

A) Motor development is biologically based and little influenced by the environment
B) Motor development is environmentally based and little influenced by the biology of the organism
C) Motor development during infancy is environmentally based and little influenced by the biology of the organism
D) Motor development during infancy is biologically based and little influenced by the environment in terms of sequence
E) Motor development is fully biologically based

Question 19

The rudimentary movement phase begins at:

A) Birth
B) 3 months of age
C) 6 months of age
D) 12 months of age
E) 18 months of age

Question 20

A baby lying on the floor reaches for a nearby rattle with the entire hand, wrist, arm, shoulder, and trunk. The movement is uncontrolled and unrefined. This child is in what stage of the rudimentary phase of movement?

A) Reflex inhibition stage
B) Precontrol stage
C) Initial stage
D) Elementary stage
E) Application stage

Question 21

Fundamental movement abilities of early childhood are an outgrowth of:

A) Locomotor movements
B) Stability movements
C) Manipulative movements
D) Rudimentary movements
E) Reflex movements

Question 22

A major misconception about the developmental concept of the fundamental movement phase is that these abilities is:

A) Maturational
B) Environmental
C) Biological
D) Experimental
E) Observational

Question 23

In traditional elementary physical education classes, sport and games are the main focus. This is often a problem because these children often have not had enough practice, encouragement, and instruction to foster learning and enter a ___________ stage.

A) Control
B) Lifelong
C) Initial
D) Proficient
E) Transitional

Question 24

In the elementary grades, development of proficient throwing skill is constrained by:

A) Chronological age
B) Positive reinforcement
C) Inadequate experience
D) Sexual age
E) Inadequate experience and sexual age

Question 25

Hopping and jumping are __________ movements. When they are combined in more complex tasks such as the triple jump in track and field, they become ________ movements.

A) Rudimentary; specialized
B) Initial; fundamental
C) Fundamental; specialized
D) Foundational; specialized
E) Rudimentary; fundamental

Question 26

Young children frequently receive instruction, practice, and encouragement in youth sport activities outside of school. But parents, coaches, and teachers should not cause the child to restrict his or her activity involvement. A narrow focus on skills during the __________ stage of the specialized movement phase is likely to have undesirable effects on the last two stages of this phase.

A) Lifelong utilization
B) Transitional
C) Application
D) Elementary
E) Proficient

Question 27

A person who has not reached the ________ stage of throwing skill is unlikely to participate in recreational softball.

A) Manipulation
B) Athletic
C) Proficient
D) Rudimentary
E) Elementary

Question 28

The _______ stage represents the pinnacle of the process of motor development and is characterized by the use of one's acquired movement repertoire throughout life.

A) Lifelong utilization
B) Application
C) Proficient
D) Ultimate
E) Concluding

Question 29

Persons in the lifelong utilization stage:

A) Have completed their motor development
B) May transition to age-group competitions
C) May re-enter the transitional stage to learn a new activity
D) Have completed their motor development and may transition to age-group competitions
E) May transition to age-group competitions and may re-enter the transitional stage to learn a new activity

Question 30

Gallahue's hourglass model of motor development is:

A) A life span theoretical framework of motor development
B) A theoretical framework of motor development for school-age children
C) An inductive theoretical model
D) A life span theoretical framework of motor development and an inductive theoretical model.
E) A theoretical framework of motor development for school-age children and an inductive theoretical model

Question 31

The amount of "sand" in one's environmental bucket is dependent upon:

A) Opportunities for practice
B) Encouragement
C) Instruction
D) All of these are correct
E) Opportunities for practice and encouragement

Question 32

Gallahue's hourglass model of motor development consists of "sand" coming from two areas. Which areas does the "sand" come from?

A) Life, death
B) Love, hate
C) Active lifestyles, inactive lifestyles
D) Heredity, environment
E) Observation, experience

Question 33

The amount of "sand" in your "hourglass" is dependent upon:

A) Intrinsic factors
B) Extrinsic factors
C) Adaptive factors
D) All of these are correct.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 34

The point at which one's "hourglass" tips over and "sand" begins to run out is dependent upon:

A) Task, individual, and environmental factors
B) Fixed factors of age
C) Fixed factors of one's personal biology
D) Chance
E) The amount of "sand" in your hourglass

Question 35

The rate at which "sand" falls out of your "hourglass" is dependent upon:

A) The amount of sand in your hourglass
B) Your genetic make-up
C) Your "lifestyle filter"
D) All of these are correct
E) Only B and C are correct

Question 36

Your "hourglass" of motor development is influenced by:

A) Mechanical factors
B) Cognitive factors
C) Affective factors
D) Physical factors
E) All of these are correct

Question 37

Which of the following is not a determinant of the "lifestyle filter"?

A) Diet
B) Longevity
C) Ability to handle stress
D) Exercise
E) Nutrition

Question 38

The hourglass model is a (an) __________ device for conceptualizing and explaining the process of motor development.

A) Heuristic
B) Algorithmic
C) Schematic
D) Fundamental
E) Inductive

Question 39

One's total developmental "hourglass" is supported by three pillars. Of the following, which is considered to be one of these pillars?

A) Confidence pillar
B) Life pillar
C) Physical fitness pillar
D) Motor development pillar
E) Effective development pillar

Question 40

One young athlete may fail to be selected for a junior high team, then be a leading player in college, another player may be successful in both high school and college. This illustrates that motor development is:

A) Dynamic
B) Individual
C) Linear
D) All of these are correct.
E) Dynamic and individual

Question 41

Who developed the Mountain of Motor Development model:

A) David Gallahue
B) Jean Piaget
C) Jane Clark
D) Erik Erikson
E) Arnold Gesell

Question 42

Which of the following is not a stage within the Mountain of Motor Development model?

A) Reflexive
B) Rudimentary
C) Preadapted
D) Context-specific
E) Skillful