Deck 2: Models of Human Development

Question 1

Sigmund Freud is to Erik Erikson as:

A) Psychosocial is to psychoanalytic
B) Psychoanalytic is to psychosocial
C) Maturational is to psychosocial
D) Psychoanalytic is to environmental
E) Environmental is to cognitive development

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Arnold Gesell was a leading proponent of:

A) Psychosocial theory
B) Maturational theory
C) Environmental theory
D) Cognitive theory
E) Developmental task theory

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Environmental influences on development are prominent features of the theoretical model(s) of:

A) Erikson
B) Freud
C) Gesell
D) Havighurst
E) Both Erikson and Havighurst

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Erik Erikson's stage of trust vs. mistrust:

A) Must be reconciled during infancy
B) Is of little real importance in today's world
C) Must be reconciled prior to advancing on to another stage
D) All of these are correct.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 5

Jean Piaget gained insight into the development of cognitive structures through careful observation of:

A) Adults
B) Elderly
C) Adolescences
D) Animals
E) Infants

Question 6

Jean Piaget identified phases of cognitive development. Of the following, which is not one of those identified?

A) Postoperational
B) Sensorimotor
C) Preoperational
D) Concrete operations
E) Formal operations

Question 7

"Phase-stage" theories are:

A) Predictive
B) Hierarchical
C) Subtle
D) Descriptive
E) The best

Question 8

"Developmental task" theories are:

A) Predictive
B) Hierarchical
C) Subtle
D) Descriptive
E) The best

Question 9

Jean Piaget's theory is generally considered to be a(an):

A) Age-stage theory
B) Developmental task theory
C) Developmental milestone theory
D) Ecological theory
E) None of these is correct.

Question 10

Phase-stage theory is sometimes referred to as:

A) Age-stage theory
B) Developmental theory
C) Classical theory
D) All of these are correct.
E) None of these is correct.

Question 11

Phase-stage theory is to _________, as developmental task theory is to ______.

A) Descriptive; predictive
B) Predictive; descriptive
C) Hierarchical; nonlinear
D) Nonlinear; hierarchal
E) Biological; environmental

Question 12

Of the following, which theory is generally considered to be the most popular among parents and educators?

A) Developmental task theory
B) Developmental milestone theory
C) Phase-stage theory
D) Dynamic systems theory
E) Behavior setting theory

Question 13

Developmental task theories are:

A) Descriptive
B) Predictive
C) Seldom appropriate for study
D) The best
E) Rare

Question 14

The "best" type of theory is one that subscribes to:

A) The development of task viewpoint
B) The age-stage viewpoint
C) The developmental milestone viewpoint
D) The dynamic systems viewpoint
E) All have merit, and none can be classified as "best"

Question 15

Dynamic systems theory is:

A) New
B) The best
C) Of limited value
D) An explanatory approach to development
E) A descriptive approach to development

Question 16

When viewed from a dynamic systems perspective, motor development is:

A) Maturationally determined
B) Controlled mainly by biology
C) Self-organizing and complex
D) Variable because it is complicated
E) Limited by affordances

Question 17

In terms of development, "degrees of freedom" are:

A) Limited to mechanical laws of the task at hand
B) Limited to neuromotor factors within the individual
C) Limited to conditions of the environment
D) The product of the requirements of the task, the individual, and the environment
E) Limited by the task, but not by an individual's experience

Question 18

"Affordances" and "rate limiters" are two critical factors within a system that influence how the dynamics of change occur over time. Examples of affordances for an individual with cerebral palsy include all of the following, except:

A) Assisted support
B) Encouragement
C) Guided instruction
D) Money
E) Handholds

Question 19

By developing a sense of "autonomy" during toddlerhood we are referring to:

A) Automatic behaviors
B) Need dependence
C) Need independence
D) Semiautomatic interaction
E) Using restraints while riding in an "auto" with "mommy"

Question 20

According to Erik Erikson, ________ is achieved during infancy by having basic needs met by responsive, sensitive caregivers, while _________ is(are) developed through uncertainty about the future and inconsistent meeting of basic needs.

A) Initiative; guilt
B) Integrity; despair
C) Trust; mistrust
D) Intimacy; isolation
E) Autonomy; doubt and shame

Question 21

During early adolescence, teenagers often have to face issues concerning their femininity and masculinity, rejection, and acceptance by peers. Individuals who are not successful at this stage in developing a sense of "identity" may have problems with:

A) Isolation
B) Inferiority
C) Industry
D) Autonomy
E) Role confusion

Question 22

Organized physical activities during early adolescence help youth acquire a sense of:

A) Industry
B) Identity
C) Initiative
D) Integrity
E) Trust

Question 23

Erikson's stage of "trust versus mistrust" is to ______, as his stage of "generativity versus self-absorption" is to ______.

A) Toddler; terrible twos
B) Infancy; midlife crisis
C) Play age; school age
D) Adulthood; learning new skills
E) Mutual affirmation; old age

Question 24

Jean Piaget's phase of development that has the most direct implications for movement in the development of cognitive structure is the:

A) Concrete operations phase
B) Preoperational phase
C) Sensorimotor phase
D) Postoperational phase
E) Formal operations phase

Question 25

Jean Piaget defined four phases of cognitive development. Which stage has the following characteristics? Play serves as an important means of assimilation, play occupies most of the child's waking hours, and imaginary play and parallel play are important tools for learning.

A) Formal operations phase
B) Observational phase
C) Sensorimotor phase
D) Concrete operations phase
E) Preoperational thought phase

Question 26

If you give a toddler a soccer ball to kick around, most will try to pass the ball back and forth, but few will try to play a game of soccer. This demonstrates that _______ has taken place and ________ has not occurred.

A) Adaptation; accommodation
B) Accommodation; assimilation
C) Assimilation; adaptation
D) Assimilation; accommodation
E) Accommodation; absorption

Question 27

Of the following, which is not one of Jean Piaget's phases of cognitive development?

A) Observational phase
B) Formal operations phase
C) Sensorimotor phase
D) Concrete operations phase
E) Preoperational thought phase

Question 28

Place Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory phases in order from first to occur to last.

A) Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
B) Preoperational, formal operational, sensorimotor, concrete operational
C) Formal operational, concrete operational, preoperational, sensorimotor
D) Concrete operational, sensorimotor, formal operational, preoperational
E) Sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational

Question 29

Gaining bowel and bladder control is a developmental task of concern to:

A) Jean Piaget
B) Robert Havighurst
C) Erik Erikson
D) Sigmund Freud
E) All of these are correct.

Question 30

The theory proposed by Robert Havighurst is based on the concept that successful achievement of developmental tasks leads to happiness and success with later tasks. At each level of development the child encounters new social demands. These demands or tasks arise out of the following three sources:

A) Physical maturation, cultural pressures of society, family support
B) Family support, oneself, experience
C) Physical maturation, biological maturation, family support
D) Cultural pressures of society, biological maturation, family support
E) Oneself, biological maturation, physical maturation

Question 31

According to Robert Havighurst, important developmental tasks for individuals in adolescence include:

A) Learning to distinguish right from wrong, developing concepts necessary for everyday living
B) Achieving personal independence, learning to get along with age mates
C) Accepting one's physique, desiring and achieving socially responsible behavior
D) Selecting a mate, learning an appropriate sex role
E) Learning sex differences and sexual modesty, developing a conscious

Question 32

Robert Havighurst suggested six major periods of development. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the early adulthood period?

A) Learning to live with a partner
B) Starting a family
C) Selecting a mate
D) Preparing for an economic career
E) Starting an occupation

Question 33

The process of development typically:

A) Proceeds from general to specific
B) Proceeds from simple to complex
C) Involves changes in cognitive and effective behaviors
D) Involves changes in psychomotor behaviors
E) All of these are correct.