Question 1

Accepting claims for no other reason than that they help you save face is an example of&#8230;&#10;A) Group thinking&#10;B) Stereotyping&#10;C) Self-interested thinking&#10;D) Motivate thinking

Accepted Answer

Accepting claims simply because they help you save face is an example of self-interested thinking. This type of thinking is driven by the desire to benefit oneself, even if the claims or beliefs in question are not logically sound or evidence-based.

Question 2

W.K Clifford says that it's wrong to&#8230;&#10;A) Believe any claim&#10;B) Believe a claim that is unpopular&#10;C) Disbelieve for any reason&#10;D) Believe a claim without good reasons

Accepted Answer

Clifford argues that it is morally wrong to believe anything upon insufficient evidence, emphasizing the importance of having good reasons for one's beliefs.

Question 3

The pressure to fit in with a social group is called&#8230;&#10;A) Popularity&#10;B) Objective thinking&#10;C) Tribalism&#10;D) Groupthink

Accepted Answer

Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people when the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome. It is characterized by the pressure to conform to the opinions held by the group, leading individuals to suppress dissenting viewpoints in favor of consensus, which can result in suboptimal or flawed decisions.

Question 4

The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true merely because a substantial number of people believe it is known as&#8230;&#10;A) Appeal to pity&#10;B) Appeal to popularity&#10;C) Appeal to tradition&#10;D) Appeal to common practice

Accepted Answer

The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true merely because a substantial number of people believe it is known as "Appeal to popularity." This fallacy assumes that the popularity of an idea is evidence of its truth.

Question 5

A negative or adverse belief about others without sufficient reasons is known as&#8230;&#10;A) Peer pressure&#10;B) Prejudice&#10;C) Groupthink&#10;D) Appeal to ignorance

Accepted Answer

Prejudice refers to a negative or adverse belief about others that is formed without sufficient reasons or evidence. It involves making judgments about individuals based on stereotypes or biases rather than on individual merit.

Question 6

Intense partisan group commitment that operates more like racism than political difference is called&#8230;&#10;A) Tribalism&#10;B) Appeal to popularity&#10;C) Stereotyping&#10;D) Rage thinking

Accepted Answer

Tribalism refers to a strong loyalty to one's own tribe, party, or group to the point where it becomes comparable to racism in its exclusion of others and intolerance of differing viewpoints. This term best captures the essence of intense partisan group commitment described in the question.

Question 7

Philosopher Lawrence Blum says that inferiorization and antipathy&#8230;&#10;A) Have little to do with racism&#10;B) Are in everyone&#10;C) Don't exist in white people&#10;D) Are at the heart of racism

Accepted Answer

Lawrence Blum argues that inferiorization and antipathy are central to the concept of racism, suggesting that these attitudes and beliefs are fundamental in defining racist actions and ideologies.

Question 8

Something that makes a statement more likely to be true is called&#8230;&#10;A) Artifacts&#10;B) Opinions&#10;C) Plausibility&#10;D) Evidence

Accepted Answer

Evidence is the term used to describe something that makes a statement more likely to be true, as it provides factual information or data supporting the statement.

Question 9

The tendency to try to deny or resist evidence that flies in the face of our cherished beliefs is called&#8230;&#10;A) Confirmation bias&#10;B) Motivated reasoning&#10;C) Denying the evidence&#10;D) Availability error

Accepted Answer

The answer of The tendency to try to deny or...

Question 10

The tendency to look for and recognize only information that confirms our existing views is known as&#8230;&#10;A) Availability error&#10;B) Prejudice&#10;C) Confirmation bias&#10;D) Wishful thinking

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.

Question 11

The phenomenon of being ignorant of how ignorant you are is known as&#8230;&#10;A) Dunning-Kruger effect&#10;B) Equivocation&#10;C) Prejudice&#10;D) Argument from ignorance

Accepted Answer

The answer of The phenomenon of being ignorant of how...

Question 12

The tendency to overestimate the degree to which other people share our opinions, attitudes, and preferences is called&#8230;&#10;A) False consensus effect&#10;B) Illusion-of-truth effect&#10;C) Dunning-Kruger effect&#10;D) Mere exposure effect

Accepted Answer

The answer of The tendency to overestimate the degree to...

Question 13

The phenomenon in which you come to believe that a false claim is actually true simply because it is familiar is called&#8230;&#10;A) False consensus effect&#10;B) Mere exposure effect&#10;C) Illusion-of-truth effect&#10;D) The backfire effect

Accepted Answer

The answer of The phenomenon in which you come to...

Question 14

Relying on evidence not because it's trustworthy but because it's memorable or striking is called&#8230;&#10;A) Familiarity effect&#10;B) False consensus effect&#10;C) Illusion-of-truth effect&#10;D) The availability error

Accepted Answer

The answer of Relying on evidence not because it's trustworthy...

Question 15

Reasoning for the purpose of supporting a predetermined conclusion, not to uncover the truth is called&#8230;&#10;A) Motivated reasoning&#10;B) Specious reasoning&#10;C) Invalid reasoning&#10;D) Mere exposure effect

Accepted Answer

The answer of Reasoning for the purpose of supporting a...

Question 16

The only available remedy for the problem of denying contrary evidence is.&#8230;&#10;A) Looking for confirming evidence&#10;B) Using motivated reasoning&#10;C) Looking for falsifiable evidence&#10;D) Making a conscious effort to look for opposing evidence

Accepted Answer

The answer of The only available remedy for the problem...

Question 17

Classifying individuals into groups according to oversimplified or prejudiced attitudes or opinions is known as...&#10;A) Appeal to popularity&#10;B) Groupthink&#10;C) Peer pressure&#10;D) Stereotyping

Accepted Answer

The answer of Classifying individuals into groups according to oversimplified...

Question 18

Group thinking of the worst kind is called. . .&#10;A) Motivated reasoning&#10;B) Racism&#10;C) Popular thinking&#10;D) Inferiorization

Accepted Answer

The answer of Group thinking of the worst kind is...

Question 19

The philosopher Bertrand Russell asserts that the passionate holding of an opinion is a sure sign of&#8230;&#10;A) A lack of reasons to support the opinion&#10;B) Commitment&#10;C) Morality&#10;D) Weakness of mind

Accepted Answer

The answer of The philosopher Bertrand Russell asserts that the...

Question 20

A problem comes not when we appeal to emotions in our arguments, but when we&#8230;&#10;A) Appeal to nothing but emotions&#10;B) Appeal to reason&#10;C) Keep things in perspective&#10;D) Reach a conclusion

Accepted Answer

The answer of A problem comes not when we appeal...

Question 21

What is motivated reasoning and how is it often used online?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is motivated reasoning and how is...

Question 22

Explain what evidence is and what kinds of beliefs do not constitute evidence.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain what evidence is and what kinds...

Question 23

What is the tendency to deny contrary evidence and what is the only available remedy for it?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the tendency to deny contrary...

Question 24

Explain what the Dunning-Kruger effect is and illustrate it with an example.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain what the Dunning-Kruger effect is and...

Question 25

What is confirmation bias and what are some of the possible consequence of falling prey to it?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is confirmation bias and what are...

Deck 3: Obstacles to Critical Thinking