Deck 4: Institutional Corrections

Question 1

Define the following terms:
-contraband

Answer 1

Contraband refers to goods that are illegal to trade, import, export, or possess, either because they are inherently illegal or because they are prohibited by specific laws or regulations. The term is often associated with smuggling, as contraband items are typically transported covertly to avoid detection by authorities.

There are various types of contraband, including but not limited to:

1. **Drugs**: Narcotics and other controlled substances that are regulated by laws and may be illegal to possess without a prescription or license.

2. **Weapons**: Firearms, explosives, and other armaments that may be restricted or banned in certain areas.

3. **Counterfeit Goods**: Items that infringe on intellectual property rights, such as fake designer clothing, pirated DVDs, or imitation electronics.

4. **Stolen Property**: Goods obtained through theft or burglary, which are illegal to buy, sell, or hold.

5. **Endangered Species**: Flora and fauna that are protected by international treaties like CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), making it illegal to trade in their parts or products.

6. **Cultural Artifacts**: Items of cultural heritage that are protected by laws against unauthorized excavation and sale, such as ancient artifacts and relics.

The consequences of dealing in contraband can be severe, including fines, confiscation of goods, and imprisonment. Enforcement agencies around the world, such as customs and border protection authorities, work to prevent the trade in contraband and prosecute those involved in it.

Question 2

Define the following terms:
-convict subculture

Answer 2

Convict subculture refers to the values, norms, behaviors, and social structures that develop among incarcerated individuals within a prison system. This subculture is a response to the unique environment of the prison, which is characterized by confinement, deprivation of goods and services, lack of personal autonomy, and the need for safety and social interaction.

The convict subculture often emerges as a way for prisoners to adapt to the harsh realities of prison life and to find a sense of community and identity within the confines of the institution. It can include a hierarchy of social status among inmates, a code of conduct that dictates how individuals should behave, and a system of informal rules that govern interactions between prisoners and with prison staff.

Key elements of convict subculture may include:

1. **The Inmate Code**: A set of unwritten rules that prisoners are expected to follow. This code often emphasizes loyalty to fellow inmates, resistance to the authorities, and the maintenance of personal honor and respect.

2. **Social Hierarchy**: A ranking system among inmates that can be based on factors such as time served, criminal reputation, physical strength, or affiliations with gangs or other groups within the prison.

3. **Economy and Trade**: An informal economy often develops within prisons, where goods and services are traded in a barter system or through the use of contraband currency. This can include the exchange of food, protection services, drugs, or other commodities.

4. **Language and Communication**: Inmates may develop their own jargon or slang, which serves to strengthen the convict subculture and can also be used to communicate without being understood by prison staff.

5. **Solidarity and Mutual Support**: Convict subculture can foster a sense of solidarity among inmates, as they rely on each other for emotional support, protection, and assistance in navigating the challenges of prison life.

6. **Conflict and Violence**: The convict subculture can also be characterized by conflict, as rivalries and disputes between individuals or groups can lead to violence and the enforcement of the inmate code.

Understanding convict subculture is important for prison management and rehabilitation efforts, as it can have a significant impact on the behavior and well-being of incarcerated individuals. It also poses challenges for those attempting to reduce criminal behavior and reintegrate former inmates into society after their release.

Question 3

Define the following terms:
-deprivation model

Answer 3

The deprivation model is a concept used primarily in the context of prison psychology, but it can also be applied to other situations where individuals are deprived of certain liberties, goods, or services. This model suggests that the psychological effects experienced by inmates are a direct consequence of the deprivations they face while incarcerated.

According to the deprivation model, the harsh conditions within prisons, such as the lack of privacy, autonomy, and access to goods and services, as well as the separation from loved ones and the broader community, lead to various negative psychological outcomes. These outcomes may include stress, depression, aggression, and other behavioral issues. The model posits that these effects are not inherent to the individuals themselves but are a result of the punitive and restrictive environment of the prison.

The deprivation model was first proposed by sociologist Donald Clemmer in 1940 and later expanded upon by Gresham Sykes in his 1958 book "The Society of Captives." Sykes identified five key "pains of imprisonment" that contribute to the psychological effects on inmates:

1. Loss of liberty: The basic deprivation of physical freedom.
2. Loss of goods and services: Limited access to material possessions and conveniences of life outside prison.
3. Loss of heterosexual relationships: Inability to maintain normal relationships with individuals of the opposite sex.
4. Loss of autonomy: Restrictions on self-determination and decision-making.
5. Loss of security: Constant threat of violence and victimization within the prison environment.

The deprivation model has been influential in the study of prison life and the development of policies aimed at mitigating the negative effects of incarceration. It has also been used to argue for prison reform, emphasizing the need for a more humane approach that reduces unnecessary deprivations and supports the well-being and rehabilitation of inmates.

Question 4

Define the following terms:
-desintitutionalization

Question 5

Define the following terms:
-fundamental democratization

Question 6

Define the following terms:
-gleaning

Question 7

Define the following terms:
-hands-off approach

Question 8

Define the following terms:
-hands-on approach

Question 9

Define the following terms:
-housing unit officers

Question 10

Define the following terms:
-importation model

Question 11

Define the following terms:
-industrial shop and school officers

Question 12

Define the following terms:
-mass incarceration

Question 13

Define the following terms:
-paramilitary model

Question 14

Define the following terms:
-perimeter security officers

Question 15

Define the following terms:
-prison lifestyle

Question 16

Define the following terms:
-prisonization

Question 17

Define the following terms:
-Prisonsers' Rights Movement

Question 18

Define the following terms:
-pseudofamilies

Question 19

Define the following terms:
-restrictive housing

Question 20

Define the following terms:
-social groups

Question 21

Define the following terms:
-solitary confinement

Question 22

Define the following terms:
-straight subculture

Question 23

Define the following terms:
-thief subculture

Question 24

Define the following terms:
-total institution

Question 25

Define the following terms:
-transinstitutionalization

Question 26

Define the following terms:
-work detail supervisors

Question 27

Define the following terms:
-yard officers

Question 28

Whether inmate or officer, the informal adjustments needed to navigate and adapt to a stressful, yet monotonous interpersonal environment creates a social system that is unique to the prison.

Question 29

A ____________________ a collection of individuals who share similar characteristics and circumstances and in interaction with one another become united. In the prison, this is referred to as the inmate ___________________.

A) social group, code
B) social group, subculture
C) grouping, environment
D) grouping, experience
E) subculture, experience

Question 30

During what time were prisons more homogenous and every inmate suffered the same deprivations?

A) After the Prisoners' Rights Movement
B) Before the Prisoners' Rights Movement
C) Prisons are still this way for the most part

Question 31

In the mid-1970s, life within the prison walls began to look like life on the outside: racially, politically, and religiously divided.

Question 32

What events occurred that changed inmate adaption to prison in the mid-1970s?

A) Gangs began to enter the prisons.
B) Racial and ethnic divisions broke down the traditional inmate subculture.
C) Political and religious differences created factions.
D) All of the above

Question 33

Adaptation to prison is a complex process known as _________________.

A) transinstitutionalization
B) prisonization
C) social group
D) desintitutionalization
E) total institution

Question 34

There is no reason to believe that elements of a unique prison subculture exist in less secure facilities.

Question 35

For each of the following phrases, note whether what is described aligns more with the deprivation model or the importation model.
-Lack of personal autonomy in prison environment

A) Deprivation
B) Importation

Question 36

For each of the following phrases, note whether what is described aligns more with the deprivation model or the importation model.
-Straight and thief subcultures

A) Deprivation
B) Importation

Question 37

For each of the following phrases, note whether what is described aligns more with the deprivation model or the importation model.
-Values and norms found in the prison subculture are similar to the ones on the streets

A) Deprivation
B) Importation

Question 38

For each of the following phrases, note whether what is described aligns more with the deprivation model or the importation model.
-Limited to no access to goods and services

A) Deprivation
B) Importation

Question 39

For each of the following phrases, note whether what is described aligns more with the deprivation model or the importation model.
-Constantly living in fear or victimization

A) Deprivation
B) Importation

Question 40

What does it mean for an inmate to be gleaning?

A) Doing their own time
B) Retreating into protective custody
C) Taking advantage of the prison's offerings
D) Understanding how prison works

Question 41

Which of the following inmate subcultures would we find individuals who will likely recidivate upon release just so they can return to prison?

A) The Mean Dude
B) The Hedonist
C) The Opportunist
D) The Retreatist
E) The Colonist

Question 42

Of the following, which best represents when the mass incarceration era occurred?

A) early 1950s
B) early 1960s
C) 1960s-1970s
D) Late 1970s-early 1980s
E) 1980s-2000s

Question 43

The policies that set in motion the mass incarceration era resulted in more individuals over the age of 55 being housed in U.S. prisons today compared to 40-50 years ago.

Question 44

Inmates can increase "good time credits" by participating in various prison programs.

Question 45

Adjustment to prison differs across the sexes with one sex having more difficulty than the other. Which of the follow is most accurate in this regard?

A) Women fear being abandoned.
B) Men have lack of support from spouses and significant others on the outside.
C) Women value privacy more.
D) a and b
E) a and c

Question 46

Inmates organize into these quasi-family structures with women taking on roles as parents and children in order to compensate for the loss of emotional support, intimacy, and social ties they once had in free society.

A) Detached families
B) Pseudofamilies
C) Pro-families
D) Multi-families

Question 47

With the arrival of the Civil Rights Movement, many groups began to seek legitimacy for their grievances and remedies to solve their problems through the use of court decisions. This is known as ___________________.

A) Inmate litigation
B) Fundamental democratization
C) Writ of certiorari
D) Legislative hearing

Question 48

If an inmate grieves the censure of her mail, what Amendment may be violated?

A) First
B) Fourth
C) Fifth
D) Eighth
E) Fourteenth

Question 49

Living in overcrowded conditions in prison may be a civil rights violation of the?

A) First
B) Fourth
C) Fifth
D) Eighth
E) Fourteenth

Question 50

If a women's prison does not have equal access to a law library or legal assistance, what Amendment has been violated?

A) First
B) Fourth
C) Fifth
D) Eighth
E) Fourteenth

Question 51

What piece of legislation restricted the number of lawsuits inmates can bring against state correctional facilities that challenge their conditions?

A) Fundamental Democratization Act
B) Prison Litigation Reform Act
C) Prison Rape Elimination Act
D) Harrison Act
E) Three Strikes Act

Question 52

All of the following were implications of the Prisoners' Rights Movement, except?

A) Inmates no longer are required to participate in treatment programs.
B) Inmates can now buy televisions, radios, and other amenities.
C) Inmates are now required to participate in vocational classes.
D) Punishment for similar crime will no longer be the same for all inmates.
E) All of the above

Question 53

Which of the following types of inmates are more prone to victimization in the prison?

A) Inmates with mental disabilities
B) Elderly inmates
C) Physically dominating inmates
D) a, b, and c
E) a and b

Question 54

Which of the following are common methods utilized in prisons to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS in prison?

A) Voluntary or mandatory testing to determine who is infected with HIV
B) Making condoms available to reduce sexual transmission
C) Providing prevention and education to reduce its spread
D) b and c
E) a and c

Question 55

What does not appear to be effective in treating substance abuse?

A) Programs that take place a few months before an inmate's release from prison.
B) Focused efforts on younger inmates who are more at risk.
C) Services that are maintained upon and after release from prison.
D) Intensive programs that last 9-12 months.
E) All of the above are effective.

Question 56

Special offender populations include HIV/AIDs, substance abusers, elderly, and the mentally ill.

Question 57

______________ is when an inmate is first in a hospital setting, released, and then re-confined by the criminal justice system.

A) Re-institutionalization
B) Transfer
C) Deinstitutionalization
D) Transinstitutionalization

Question 58

Which of the following has not been utilized to address the problem of HIV/AIDS in prison?

A) Mandatory testing
B) Provision of condoms
C) Education of inmates
D) Solitary confinement

Question 59

_______________ are those who can be classified as having both substance abuse and mental health problems.

A) Trans-institutional inmates
B) Dual disorder inmates
C) Socio-pathologic inmates
D) Reentry inmates

Question 60

The probability of engaging in recidivist behaviors is two to four times higher for those individuals who ________ abuse drugs or alcohol.

A) Do
B) Do not

Question 61

By 2030, what proportion of the U.S. prison population will fall under the label of elderly inmate?

A) 1/2
B) 1/3
C) 1/4
D) 1/5

Question 62

Who is in charge of every aspect of the prison from security to budgeting?

A) Commander
B) Warden
C) Captain
D) Lieutenant
E) Supervisor

Question 63

As a correctional officer I have one of the most desired posts in the prison. I provide security at the prison gates and act as watch guards. What is my officer job category called?

A) Work detail supervisor
B) Industrial shop officer
C) Perimeter security officer
D) Housing unit officer
E) Yard officer

Question 64

As a correctional officer, I take frequent inmate counts, distribute medicine, and open and close steel-barred doors. What is my officer job category?

A) Work detail supervisor
B) Industrial shop officer
C) Perimeter security officer
D) Housing unit officer
E) Yard officer

Question 65

For the most part, COs in male prisons have been, and currently are, males.

Question 66

Which of the following statements represent the reality of women as correctional officers?

A) Women are weaker and less able to protect themselves.
B) Women perform duties just as well as men.
C) Males may be more effective at handling physical assaults.
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 67

This role type prefers to gain compliance from inmates by using interpersonal communication skills, but will use coercive tactics and force if necessary.

A) the Professional
B) the Reciprocator
C) the Enforcer
D) the Avoider

Question 68

This role type wants to help inmates and assist them in resolving their troubles by using social work strategies whenever possible, but tends to be inconsistent in making exceptions.

A) the Professional
B) the Reciprocator
C) the Enforcer
D) the Avoider

Question 69

Correctional officers who have higher levels of job satisfaction and adopt a more punitive or custodial orientation toward inmates are more successful in gaining inmate compliance than officers demonstrating other interpersonal authority roles.

Question 70

All of the following have been offered as reasons for prison crowding except one. Identify.

A) Other philosophies other than rehabilitation have been more readily followed.
B) Mandatory minimum sentencing practices
C) Longer prison terms
D) More reentry programs
E) Limited use of release on parole

Question 71

. In some facilities, the prison gym has become makeshift living quarters.

Question 72

Female prisons tend to have similar levels of violence as male prisons

Question 73

What piece of legislation requires the Bureau of Justice Statistics to collect data and report annually on incidences of prison rape?

A) Prison Rape Elimination Act
B) Prisoner Protection Act
C) Protecting Prisons from Assault Act
D) There is no act that has been passed as described in the question.

Question 74

What falls under the umbrella term restrictive housing?

A) disciplinary segregation
B) protective custody
C) congregate custody
D) a and b
E) b and c

Question 75

All of the following are disciplinary options corrections officials use can include all of the following except?

A) changing inmates' classification status
B) reducing inmates' good-time credit
C) remove visitation privileges
D) require inmates to go to treatment program

Question 76

What contraband would not be discovered using a full-body scanner?

A) cellphones
B) guns
C) wood knife
D) blunt object made of metal

Question 77

Thanks to _________________ technology, the opportunity for drugs, weapons, and other contraband entering the prison is reduced.

A) video visitation
B) in-person visitation
C) court videoconferencing
D) Prisonization

Question 78

How is the inmate subculture formed?

Question 79

What are three insights the inmate subculture provides us about the prison environment?

Question 80

What occurs during prisonization?