Deck 16: Psychopathology: Biological Basis of Behavioral Disorders

Question 1

Hideyo Noguchi discovered the relationship between

A) schizophrenia and ventricular enlargement.
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder and the orbitofrontal cortex.
C) psychosis and syphilis.
D) depression and sleep.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Eugen Bleuler claimed that one of the cardinal symptoms of schizophrenia is a condition that he described as

A) dissociative thinking.
B) conditioned psychosis.
C) dementia.
D) split personality.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A person whose dizygotic twin has schizophrenia has a _______ lifetime risk of developing the disease as well.

A) 1%
B) 9%
C) 17%
D) 48%

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A modern model of schizophrenia presented by Mirsky and Duncan emphasizes that schizophrenia emerges from

A) a single dominant gene.
B) a marked anatomical abnormality.
C) intense episodes of personal and social stress.
D) the interaction of stress and genetics.

Question 5

The likelihood that the child of a person with schizophrenia will develop the disease is

A) 1%.
B) 4%.
C) 13%.
D) 48%.

Question 6

Genes encoding which substance have been associated with schizophrenia?

A) Neuregulin 1
B) Dysbindin
C) DISC1
D) All of the above

Question 7

Functional imaging studies indicate that drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia tend to increase activation of the

A) amygdala.
B) basal ganglia.
C) frontal cortex.
D) cerebellum.

Question 8

Refer to the figure.
Disarray of hippocampal pyramidal cells has been found in

A) individuals with panic disorder.
B) individuals who have committed suicide.
C) individuals with schizophrenia.
D) individual who abuse drugs.

Question 9

Decreased metabolic activity of the _______ lobes is associated with the symptoms of schizophrenia.

A) frontal
B) temporal
C) parietal
D) occipital

Question 10

It has been speculated that hippocampal cellular abnormalities seen in some patients with schizophrenia may have resulted from

A) phencyclidine exposure.
B) lead poisoning as an infant.
C) early cell developmental problems.
D) viral infection as a teenager.

Question 11

Which statement about schizophrenia and ventricular enlargement is false?

A) Many patients with schizophrenia show enlargement of the lateral ventricles.
B) Enlargement of the lateral ventricles of patients with schizophrenia comes at the expense of adjacent neural tissue.
C) Among twins who are discordant for schizophrenia, both exhibit enlarged ventricles.
D) The extent of ventricular enlargement predicts how well a patient will respond to anti-schizophrenic drugs.

Question 12

Abnormal visual tracking of moving objects is a symptom associated with

A) panic.
B) depression.
C) schizophrenia.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 13

A person who has no clinical symptoms but who manifests erratic eye-pursuit movements and has trouble maintaining a fixed gaze may be at risk of developing

A) depression.
B) schizophrenia.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 14

People who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia have a more difficult time with "_______" visual tracking of moving objects than do controls.

A) smooth-pursuit
B) saccadic pursuit
C) blink-suppression
D) color-constancy

Question 15

Refer to the figure showing PET scans of twins in which one is affected with schizophrenia and one is not.
The activation patterns suggest _______ activation in the frontal cortex of the affected twin, both at rest and during the Wisconsin Cart Sorting Test.

A) less
B) more
C) equal
D) no

Question 16

Based on studies of phencyclidine, a _______ hypothesis of schizophrenia has been proposed.

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) GABA
D) glutamate

Question 17

Which drug, when used at high doses, produces a psychotic state akin to paranoid schizophrenia?

A) LSD
B) Heroin
C) Amphetamine
D) Aspirin

Question 18

Which drug can produce phenomena strongly resembling both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A) LSD
B) Heroin
C) PCP
D) Aspirin

Question 19

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is challenged by data showing that

A) clozapine relieves schizophrenic symptoms via serotonin receptors.
B) clozapine can induce the release of dopamine.
C) some patients given drugs that affect dopamine fail to show improvement.
D) All of the above

Question 20

A principal effect of the drug chlorpromazine is the

A) release of norepinephrine.
B) postsynaptic blocking of acetylcholine.
C) postsynaptic blocking of dopamine receptors.
D) facilitation of GABA actions.

Question 21

A movement disorder produced by traditional antipsychotic drugs, called _______, is characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements.

A) tardive dyskinesia
B) supersensitive dyskinesia
C) neuroleptic ataxia
D) neuroleptic dyskinesia

Question 22

The drug clozapine appears to exert its therapeutic effects via _______ receptors.

A) dopamine and GABA
B) serotonin
C) serotonin and dopamine
D) NMDA

Question 23

LSD effects in lab animals differs from schizophrenia in that LSD appears to

A) enhance measures of cognitive function.
B) induce psychotic states.
C) produce auditory hallucinations.
D) induce negative symptoms.

Question 24

PCP affects which type of postsynaptic receptor?

A) NMDA
B) Cholinergic
C) GABA
D) D₂ dopaminergic

Question 25

Chlorpromazine is one of the classes of drugs known as

A) benzodiazepines.
B) phenothiazines.
C) butyrophenones.
D) MAO inhibitors.

Question 26

Phencyclidine produces

A) auditory hallucinations.
B) panic attacks.
C) persistent memories.
D) obsessive-compulsive behavior.

Question 27

When Karla's antipsychotic medication was reduced, she displayed an exaggerated psychosis, called _______, that is thought to be the consequence of the up-regulation of receptors that occurred during the time she was on the medication.

A) tardive dyskinesia
B) supersensitivity dyskinesia
C) D₂ reactive disorder
D) supersensitivity psychosis

Question 28

U.S. government surveys show that each year, more than _______ of American adults experience at least one episode of clinically significant depression.

A) 7%
B) 14%
C) 20%
D) 50%

Question 29

In addition to showing changes in serotonin levels, suicide victims show high levels of circulating

A) testosterone.
B) cortisol.
C) estrogen.
D) melatonin.

Question 30

Refer to the figure.
Compared with the data from controls, PET scans of patients with depression show

A) decreases in blood flow in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala.
B) increases in blood flow in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala.
C) increases in blood flow in the prefrontal, temporal, and parietal cortexes.
D) hypofrontality.

Question 31

The increase in blood flow to the _______, which has been observed in patients with depression, persists even after alleviation of the depression.

A) parietal lobes
B) amygdala
C) posterior temporal lobes
D) somatosensory cortex

Question 32

Which surgical procedure produces a state resembling human depression in animals?

A) Castration
B) Frontal lobotomy
C) Olfactory bulbectomy
D) Removal of the cerebellum

Question 33

Which medical condition may induce depression secondary to excessive secretion of ACTH?

A) Myasthenia gravis
B) Ulcers
C) Parkinson's disease
D) Cushing's syndrome

Question 34

Tricyclic antidepressants

A) inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase.
B) inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.
C) block reuptake of serotonin.
D) block cholinergic synapses.

Question 35

According to the monoamine hypothesis, depression is caused by

A) excessive reuptake of serotonin.
B) decreased synaptic activity of norepinephrine and serotonin connections.
C) a decrease in levels of acetylcholine.
D) the blockade of dopamine.

Question 36

Data that support the monoamine hypothesis for depression include the observation that

A) reserpine, which reduces norepinephrine and serotonin levels, can cause profound depression.
B) electroconvulsive treatment decreases norepinephrine levels.
C) reserpine, which increases norepinephrine and serotonin levels, can cause profound depression.
D) None of the above

Question 37

Which statement regarding therapy for depression is true?

A) SSRI treatment has only short-term effects.
B) Cognitive behavioral therapy is more effective than SSRI treatment.
C) Cognitive behavioral therapy is effective mostly for treating bipolar disorders.
D) Cognitive behavioral therapy and SSRI treatment together are more effective than either one alone.

Question 38

The drug Prozac is an example of a

A) tricyclic.
B) benzodiazepine.
C) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
D) monoamine oxidase inhibitor.

Question 39

Antidepressant medications are more effective than placebo in subjects who are

A) given benzodiazepines.
B) depressed to any extent.
C) mildly to moderately depressed.
D) severely depressed.

Question 40

Serotonin syndrome is

A) another name for depression.
B) confusion and spasms caused by high doses of dopamine agonists.
C) spasms and fever caused by dangerously high serotonin levels due to drug interactions.
D) spasms, confusion, and fever caused by dangerously low levels of serotonin due to drug interactions.

Question 41

In normal subjects, the dexamethasone

A) increases levels of circulating cortisol.
B) suppresses cortisol levels.
C) produces major peak periods of cortisol secretion.
D) enhances the release of ACTH.

Question 42

The most effective treatment for most cases of depression is a combination of _______ and a(n) _______.

A) deep brain stimulation; SSRI
B) frontal lobotomy; SSRI
C) cognitive behavioral therapy; SSRI
D) cognitive behavioral therapy; dose of lithium

Question 43

Prevalence rates for _______ are higher for women than for men.

A) depression
B) anxiety
C) schizophrenia
D) All of the above

Question 44

_______ pregnant women experience(s) depression immediately preceding or following childbirth.

A) One out of every 10
B) One out of every 7
C) About 50% of
D) Almost all

Question 45

Refer to the figure showing the sleep pattern of a patient with depression.
Patients with depression do not exhibit

A) rapid onset of REM sleep.
B) increased amounts of REM in the first half of sleep.
C) difficulty falling asleep.
D) excessive amounts of stages 3 sleep.

Question 46

_______ is not considered a major anxiety disorder.

A) Phobic disorder
B) Panic disorder
C) Obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) Bipolar disorder

Question 47

The gene that encodes _______ has been implicated in bipolar disorder.

A) BDNF
B) CNTF
C) NGF
D) neurotrophin

Question 48

The contemporary view of Tourette's syndrome suggests that it is mediated by

A) more than one major gene.
B) recessively inherited genes.
C) an extra chromosome.
D) a single gene inherited in a dominant manner.

Question 49

Refer to the figure showing PET scans of patients with Tourette's syndrome.
These scans show greater density of dopamine receptors in the

A) basal ganglia.
B) limbic system.
C) cerebellum.
D) spinal cord.

Question 50

MRI studies of the brains of people with Tourette's syndrome have revealed that, on average, Tourette's patients display _______ compared to normal subjects.

A) smaller frontal lobes
B) thickening of the somatosensory and motor cortex
C) smaller amygdala
D) thinning of the somatosensory and motor cortex

Question 51

Benzodiazepine drugs have which effect on GABA synapses?

A) Complete blocking of inhibition
B) Enhancement of GABA-mediated inhibition
C) Enhancement of GABA-mediated excitation
D) Reduction of chloride permeability

Question 52

The antianxiety effects of benzodiazepines are related to effects on which transmitter?

A) Glutamic acid
B) Norepinephrine
C) GABA
D) Dopamine

Question 53

Which drug has been shown to markedly reduce the symptoms of anxiety?

A) Tricyclic antidepressants
B) Clomipramine
C) Chlorpromazine
D) Benzodiazepines

Question 54

Pharmacological treatment of Tourette's syndrome involves drugs that

A) enhance levels of dopamine.
B) inhibit norepinephrine.
C) antagonize dopamine.
D) enhance GABA.

Question 55

According to analysis of Vietnam War veterans exposed to high levels of war zone stressors, more than _______ developed PTSD at some point.

A) 80%
B) 35%
C) 50%
D) 66%

Question 56

People who develop PTSD are more likely to have a(n) _______ hippocampus and abnormalities in their _______ response.

A) smaller; cortisol
B) enlarged; testosterone
C) enlarged; cortisol
D) smaller; testosterone

Question 57

The neural model of posttraumatic stress disorder suggest that two systems are activated by trauma. The _______ system conditions a long-lasting fearful reaction.

A) brainstem
B) locus coeruleus
C) ventral tegmental area
D) amygdala

Question 58

The drug clomipramine has been shown to bring about significant improvement in many people diagnosed with

A) panic disorder.
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C) Tourette's syndrome.
D) None of the above

Question 59

Which neurosurgical operation leads to a marked reduction in the intensity of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms?

A) Rhizotomy
B) Lesions of the globus pallidus
C) Cingulotomy
D) Sectioning of the corpus callosum

Question 60

According to epidemiological studies, at least _______ of Americans experience symptoms of at least one major psychiatric illness during their lifetime.

Question 61

_______ is a gene that was discovered in a large Scottish family in which many members have schizophrenia.

Question 62

MRI imaging studies of the brains of monozygotic twins in which only one twin has schizophrenia have shown that the affected twin's brain often exhibits _______.

Question 63

Many of the genes that increase the risk of _______ also increase the risk of schizophrenia.

Question 64

The _______ hypothesis proposes that a relative underactivation of anterior regions of the cortex is involved in schizophrenia.

Question 65

_______ may one day be used to screen the general population to identify those who are at risk of developing schizophrenia.

Question 66

The long-term motor problems associated with the use of antischizophrenic drugs is called _______.

Question 67

_______ causes the release of dopamine and taking large doses of this drug can cause symptoms similar to schizophrenia.

Question 68

Prolonged treatment with traditional antipsychotic medications can alter dopamine receptor density and lead to a condition known as _______.

Question 69

Phencyclidine can produce a state resembling schizophrenia through its interactions with NMDA receptors, suggesting that the neurotransmitter _______ may be involved in schizophrenia.

Question 70

Many antipsychotic drugs have a high affinity for _______ receptors, which they block.

Question 71

Insufficient activation at _______ receptors appears to be involved in schizophrenia and OCD.

Question 72

The _______ model of depression involves a repetitive stressful stimulus, such as electric shock, from which there is no escape.

Question 73

In a patient who has recovered from depression, dexamethasone _______ cortisol release.

Question 74

In _______, depression is linked to short daylight.

Question 75

PET scans of people with Tourette's syndrome have revealed a higher density of dopamine D₂ receptors in the _______.

Question 76

Benzodiazepines, in the presence of GABA, increase the permeability of neurons to _______.

Question 77

Drugs used to treat anxiety are collectively known as anxiolytics ; a major class of these drugs-the benzodiazepines-exert their effects through interactions with _______ receptors.

Question 78

Some people with uncontrollable obsessive-compulsive disorder have been reported to experience improvement of their symptoms following surgical disruption of the _______.

Question 79

Deep brain stimulation of the _______ disrupts the circuit between the prefrontal cortex, striatum, thalamus and back, and has been reported to relieve symptoms of OCD.

Question 80

Discuss the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders, including what proportion of the U.S. population reports symptoms of a major psychiatric disorder over their lifetime and whether there are trends regarding higher prevalence of specific mental disorders in men and women.