Deck 16: Integration of Metabolism

Question 1

The endocrine system uniquely produces __________.

A) hormones
B) phermones
C) adipocytes
D) LDLs
E) urea

Answer 1

A

Question 2

During fasting and prolonged starvation, skeletal muscle __________.

A) is degraded to provide amino acids to the liver for gluconeogenesis
B) is released as fat into the blood for storage in adipose tissue
C) is synthesized from blood lactate
D) converts glutamine molecules to proline
E) None of the above are correct.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The cells that line the small intestine, which are responsible for the absorption of nutrients into the body, are called __________.

A) adipocytes
B) tubule cells
C) hepatocytes
D) enterocytes
E) epithelial cells

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following organs is responsible for pH regulation?

A) Liver
B) Lungs
C) Intestine
D) Muscle
E) Kidney

Question 5

The most distinctive characteristic of living organisms is __________.

A) cellular structure
B) the autonomous capacity to sustain adequate operating conditions
C) utilization of carbon compounds as food
D) complex cellular mechanisms
E) utilizing environmental materials as energy sources

Question 6

A simple system for information flow is composed of three components: reception, transduction and response. In multicellular organisms hormones play a role in which phase?

A) Reception
B) Transduction
C) Response
D) Hormones are not involved in the process of information flow.
E) Both A and B are correct.

Question 7

In a metabolic steady state the rate of anabolic processes is approximately equal to __________.

A) catabolic processes
B) cellular energy needs
C) nutrient intake
D) cellular repair and growth
E) Both B and C are correct.

Question 8

In animals, the vast majority of water-soluble hormones are __________.

A) peptides
B) steroids
C) polypeptides
D) carbohydrates
E) Both A and C are correct.

Question 9

The molecules that mediate the growth-promoting actions of GH are referred to as the __________.

A) interferons
B) mitogens
C) insulin-like growth factors
D) Both B and C are correct.
E) None of the above are correct.

Question 10

Symptoms of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus include all of the following except __________.

A) hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketosis
B) hypoglycemia
C) hyperlipoproteinemia
D) ketoacidosis
E) polyuria

Question 11

Steroid hormones __________.

A) are transported in blood attached to transport proteins
B) bind to intracellular receptors
C) diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells
D) Both A and B are correct.
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 12

Which of the following is not a major source of extracellular signal molecules?

A) Steroids
B) Modified amino acids
C) Carbohydrates
D) Fatty acids
E) Proteins

Question 13

The biological effects of atrial natriuretic factor appear to be mediated by __________.

A) cAMP
B) cGMP
C) PIP₂
D) AG
E) IP₃

Question 14

In animals, the __________ system(s) has/have a primary responsibility for coordinating metabolism.

A) nervous
B) lymphatic
C) hepatic
D) endocrine
E) Both A and D are correct.

Question 15

The IP₃ receptor __________.

A) binds cGMP
B) is associated with G_i
C) is a calcium channel
D) Both B and C are correct.
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 16

A DNA segment that binds a hormone-receptor complex is called a __________.

A) DRE
B) DAG
C) EGF
D) HRE
E) IGF

Question 17

Calmodulin is a __________.

A) transmembrane receptor
B) calcium-binding protein
C) HSP
D) plant hormone
E) A, B, and C are correct.

Question 18

Insulin resistance is __________.

A) a risk factor for Type I diabetes
B) a risk factor for Type II diabetes
C) caused by excessive production of ANF
D) Associated with damage to the adrenal gland
E) None of the above are correct.

Question 19

Which of the following is not a second messenger molecule?

A) cGMP
B) cAMP
C) Calcium
D) Steroids
E) Inositol-phospholipid system

Question 20

The most prominent mechanism to prevent excessive hormone synthesis is __________.

A) desensitization
B) down regulation
C) feedback inhibition
D) target cell stimulation
E) sensitization

Question 21

Enterocytes require large amounts of energy supplied by __________.

A) glucose oxidase
B) fatty acid degradation
C) lactose oxidation
D) glutamine
E) alanine

Question 22

The organ responsible for processing most foreign molecules is __________.

A) intestine
B) stomach
C) liver
D) kidney
E) blood

Question 23

Insulin-resistance is associated with all of the following except __________.

A) obesity
B) desensitization
C) down-regulation
D) IDDM
E) NIDDM

Question 24

Biochemical signal molecules include __________.

A) amino acids
B) fatty acid derivatives
C) steroids
D) peptides
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 25

Receptor tyrosine kinases are transmembrane receptors that bind ligands such as __________.

A) insulin
B) epidermal growth factor
C) platelet derived growth factor
D) insulin-like growth factor
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 26

Which of the following molecules is a second messenger?

A) TSH
B) cGMP
C) Proline
D) Calcium
E) Both B and D are correct.

Question 27

28 The organ responsible for the regulation of blood pH is __________.

A) liver
B) kidney
C) intestine
D) brain
E) stomach

Question 28

Most diabetic complications are the result of __________.

A) glycation
B) hyperglycemia
C) damage to the vascular system
D) Both A and B are correct.
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 29

The principle target tissues of insulin include __________.

A) skeletal muscle
B) liver
C) adipose tissue
D) Both B and C are correct.
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 30

Animals employing several mechanisms to prevent excessive hormone action and release. Examples include which of the following?

A) Genetic regulation
B) Feedback inhibition
C) Desensitization
D) Down regulation
E) All of the above are true.

Question 31

Which of the following molecules do GPCRs not respond to?

A) Catecholamines
B) Oxytocin
C) Light
D) Dopamine
E) Insulin

Question 32

Which of the following is a role of PKB?

A) Stimulation of glycogen synthesis
B) Inhibition of lipolysis
C) Glucose transport into adipocytes
D) Activation of mTOR
E) All of the above are roles of PKB.

Question 33

An example of a cytokine is __________.

A) epidermal growth factor
B) interleukins
C) interferons
D) insulin-like growth factors
E) Both B and C are correct.

Question 34

The most serious acute symptom of Type 1 diabetes is __________.

A) anemia
B) ketoacidosis
C) hypoglycemia
D) insulin resistance
E) Both A and C are correct.

Question 35

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketosis can occur in ___________ diabetes.

A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Insulin-dependent diabetes
D) all forms of diabetes
E) None of the above are correct (it is not a symptom of diabetes).

Question 36

During periods of starvation muscle reduces its consumption of glucose. This spares its use for which of the following organs?

A) Liver
B) Heart
C) Kidneys
D) Brain
E) Lungs

Question 37

Leptin is secreted by which of the following tissues?

A) Brain
B) Liver
C) Adipose tissue
D) Muscle
E) Gastrointestinal tract

Question 38

The brain consumes about __________% of the body's energy.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40
E) 50

Question 39

The phosphatidylinositol cycle mediates the action of all of the following except __________.

A) acetylcholine
B) insulin
C) glucagon
D) vasopressin
E) GRH

Question 40

Metabolism of fructose in the liver rapidly depletes which of the following?

A) NADPH
B) ATP
C) Triose phosphate
D) AMP
E) Glucose

Question 41

An autoimmune disease caused by the destruction of the insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas is called __________.

A) hyperglycemia
B) dyslipidemia
C) glucosuria
D) Type II diabetes
E) Type I diabetes

Question 42

Extreme thirst and frequent urination in diabetics is directly caused by __________.

A) osmotic diuresis
B) hyperglycemia
C) dyslipidemia
D) glucosuria
E) adipoisledimia

Question 43

Type II diabetes is uniquely characterized by __________.

A) hyperinsulinemia
B) depressed insulin levels
C) insulin resistance
D) depressed glucose levels
E) Both A and C are correct.

Question 44

Which of the following carbohydrates is a major contributing cause of dyslipidemia non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?

A) Glucose
B) Ribose
C) Fructose
D) Galactose
E) Xylose

Question 45

Urea synthesis is the responsibility of which organ of the body?

A) Kidney
B) Liver
C) Intestine
D) Stomach
E) Lung

Question 46

What is meant by the term insulin resistance?

Question 47

What is the body mass index (BMI)?

Question 48

What is a phorbol ester?

Question 49

What is metabolic syndrome

Question 50

What is a tumor promoter?

Question 51

What is meant by the term ketoacidosis?

Question 52

What is the source and action of the PDGF?

Question 53

List three examples of steroid transport proteins.

Question 54

Body builders often take anabolic steroids to increase their muscle mass. How do these steroids achieve their effect?

Question 55

Extreme thirst is a characteristic symptom of diabetes. Explain.

Question 56

What is meant by the term osmotic diuresis?

Question 57

During periods of fasting some muscle protein is depleted. How is this process initiated, and what happens to the amino acids in the proteins?

Question 58

What is meant by the term GLUT4?

Question 59

Hemoglobin molecules exposed to high levels of glucose are converted to glycated products. The most common, referred to as hemoglobin A_1c (HbA_1c), contains a $\beta$ chain glycated adduct. Because red blood cells last about 3 months, HbA_1c concentration is a useful measure of a patient's blood sugar control. In general terms describe why and how HbA_1c forms.

Question 60

What are the sites on protein that are phosphorylated during signal transduction cascades?

Question 61

Because the prime early symptom of diabetes is a high level of blood glucose, insulin is often associated primarily with carbohydrate metabolism. List several other processes that are insulin-dependent.

Question 62

Hormones can be assigned to what three general classes based on the molecules they are derived from.

Question 63

During periods of prolonged exercise muscles burn fatty acids released from adipocytes in addition to glucose. Explain how the need for additional fatty acids by muscle is communicated to the adipocytes.

Question 64

How do phorbol esters promote tumor growth?

Question 65

In severely diabetic patients the blood glucose level is so high that the sugar appears in the urine. Before the development of blood tests by modern medical research, diabetics could often be recognized by the appearance of flies around their feet. Suggest a reason for this observation.

Question 66

Explain why obese individuals are often insulin resistant.

Question 67

Dieters frequently fast in an attempt to reduce their weight. During these fasts, they often lose considerable muscle mass rather than fat. Explain.

Question 68

Discuss the relationship between the inflammatory response, obesity, and type-2 diabetes.

Question 69

Why is it important for hormones to act at low concentrations and be degraded quickly?

Question 70

Hormones are often synthesized and stored within secretory vesicles. Secretion occurs only when the hormone-producing cell is stimulated. Explain the advantage that this process has over making the hormone molecules as they are needed.

Question 71

Skeletal muscle cannot synthesize fatty acids yet it produces the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Explain the role of this enzyme.

Question 72

Animals can convert glucose to fat but not the reverse. Explain.

Question 73

Ketoacidosis is a common feature of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, but not of insulin-independent diabetes mellitus. Explain.

Question 74

Type II diabetics are often obese. Explain how obesity contributes to the onset of diabetes.

Question 75

During the first week of a prolonged diet there is a relatively rapid weight loss. What is the major source of weight loss during this period?